Comparison Of Kuhn And Popper s Understanding Of Science

In this section we will compare and contrast Kuhn’s understanding of science with Popper’s understanding of science. These two methods are narrower when it comes to levels of scrutiny. They are also more open and willing to embrace change because they seek to change the status quo which is traditional science. Both scientists agree that the traditional method of science is too broad and ignores many different variables that could change the outcome of the results. They also concur on the idea that a subjective approach to science and reason is more suitable to reach a correct answer rather than shooting wildly in all directions and accepting the bullet that is closest to our target. Kuhn and Popper looked at traditional science as a method based on assumptions and estimates rather than exact truths or data. They do differ however in some ways. Kuhn does not believe that falsifying theories is necessary to ascertain the truth like Popper does. He simply believes that soc iety is rapidly changing and therefore the methods of science must change also. Popper does not necessarily concern himself with sociological opinions or status quos. He focuses more on the procedures of traditional methods and works to disprove theories. Karl Popper was an Austrian-British philosopher as well as a professor of science. He grew up in a wealthy family and surrounded himself with education and knowledge. He attended various lectures and soon found himself accepting the socialist ideas of KarlShow MoreRelatedEssay on Theory Of Knowledge1523 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Of Knowledge In today’s society, science is regarded as being the most trusted form of knowledge, leading to many claiming it to be the supreme form of knowledge. To investigate whether or not this is justified we must compare science to other forms/areas of knowledge and consider what they each contribute. The strongest argument science has to claim this title, is the objectivity and empirical nature of its method and in particular its verifying processes;Read More Equality of Life4144 Words   |  17 Pageslogical arguments based on empirically verifiable premises. According to this way of understanding belief, both religion and philosophy are seen as competing forms of method with the same goal—uncovering or apprehending the one truth of mind-independent reality. Kai Nielsen is a well-known philosophical critic of religious belief who bases his criticism of religion on the aforementioned intellectualistic understanding of religious life. While he recognizes that there is more to religious life thanRead MoreThe Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories5427 Words   |  22 Pagesthe Rochester school on the ground of inability of the school to demarcate between the two major phenomenons of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"normative† theories. Again, his concept of positive theory of accounting is nothing but a flaw with respect to empirical science. Within the context of this review, two methodological views have evolved namely; the instrumentalism and the realism. However, the Rochester school of accounting has been exonerated from the various criticisms emanating from instrumentalism reviewRead MoreThe Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories5427 Words   |  22 Pagesthe Rochester school on the ground of inability of the schoo l to demarcate between the two major phenomenons of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"normative† theories. Again, his concept of positive theory of accounting is nothing but a flaw with respect to empirical science. Within the context of this review, two methodological views have evolved namely; the instrumentalism and the realism. However, the Rochester school of accounting has been exonerated from the various criticisms emanating from instrumentalism reviewRead MoreSustainable Supply Chain13609 Words   |  55 PagesThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0960-0035.htm IJPDLM 38,5 A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory Craig R. Carter and Dale S. Rogers University of Nevada, College of Business Administration, Reno, Nevada, USA Abstract Purpose – The authors perform a large-scale literature review and use conceptual theory building to introduce the concept of sustainability to the ï ¬ eld of supply chain managementRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmasRead MoreForeign Exchange Risk Management14141 Words   |  57 Pagestranslation, transaction and economic exposures. Foreign currency risk management involves taking decisions which aim at minimizing or eliminating the negative effects of currency fluctuations on balance sheet and income statement values, a firm s receipts and payments arising out of current transactions, and on long term future cash flows of a firm. Creativity by managers and innovations in financial instruments have, over the years, made available to firms a number of avenues that can be followed

Social Studies Sba Topics - 1516 Words

Social Studies School Based Assessment Outline School Based Assessment. This is an evaluation conducted by the school while the social studies course is still in process. Candidates are required to conduct a guided research and document their findings your teacher/ other appropriate persons will guide you throughout the process. You MUST do your own work; it should not be done for you. Punishment will be administered to candidates in which it can be proven that they have plagiarized other persons work. The First draft must be handed in to your teacher NO later than the third week in November this will be corrected and returned. FINAL drafts must be handed in by the FIRST week in February. **WARNING** Do NOT hand in your drafts a few days†¦show more content†¦It may be based on social or economic processed, situations or problems in your school or immediate community. Topic must be specific, i.e. target a specific group in a specific area. Example: Topic – Social Problems caused by insane persons. If you chose the above topic, you need to now take this topic and construct a problem statement worded in such a way that you can go find answers for the question. So for the statement of the problem it could be: ------------------------------------------------- What are some of the social problems caused by insane persons in my community? OR ------------------------------------------------- How does the presence of insane persons on the street contribute to social problems in the lives of citizens in the community of Stadium Gardens? Research Questions/Aims: The research questions/aims are three broad questions which are supposed to guide you throughout the research. In collecting your data use them as guides. These are the questions you will be trying to answer when the research is competed these questions must be answered. The research questions should be placed below your statement of the problem and focus on the cause, the effect and the solution/recommendations. Example: Task 1 Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------- How does the presence of insane persons on the street in the Stadium Gardens community contribute to social problems for residents?Show MoreRelatedProject Risk Leadership1218 Words   |  5 Pagespromote itself to get market share. Successful Entrepreneurs study and learn from how to make a profit by aligning their business strategy from entrepreneurs that have gone through and documented their lessons learned. The primary goal of the leadership style was to provide a niche and service to consumers and make a profit. 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Mananaging finance Free Essays

string(98) " Cathay owns a minority stake in its competitor Dragonair that holds another tenth of the market\." This report will concentrate on the performance of the two aviation companies, Hong Kong-based Cathay Pacific Ltd. and Singapore-based Singapore Airlines. The report will try to help the potential investor in the Asian airline industry to assess the prospects of both companies and their riskiness in regard to each other and the industry as a whole as well as the returns both companies have to offer to compensate for the risk of their financial position. We will write a custom essay sample on Mananaging finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Profitability, growth, return on investment Profitability of the company is indicated by the return on equity ratio that shows the dollar return on each dollar of investment: Return on equity (ROE) = net income/ stockholders’ equity Cathay has a ROE of 1,604/ 31,052 = 5.16% Singapore Airlines’ ROE is 849.3/ 11,455.1 = 7.4% SA provides a better return on equity than Cathay, although the decrease in the annual income at Singapore Airlines in 2003 from 2002 represents a threat to its future earnings and return on equity while Cathay’s results demonstrate improved performance. Return on assets demonstrates how many dollars of income were generated by each dollar of investment and is calculated in the following way: Return on assets = net income/ total assets For Cathay Pacific Ltd. this figure is 1,604/ (54,686 + 20,351) = 1,604 / 75,037 = 2.14% For Singapore Airlines, return on assets is at 849.3/ 16,558.4 = 5.13% Thus Singapore Airlines is more efficient in using its assets and offers a better return on the funds tied up in assets. Another profitability measure is the operating margin that expresses operating profit as a percentage of the revenue. For Singapore Airlines, the operating margin is 680.4/ 9,761.9 = 6.97% For Cathay Pacific Ltd., this ratio is 285/ 2,393=11.9% As for growth, SIA’s revenue dropped in the 2003-2004 fiscal year to $9,761.9 million from $10,515.0 million, which represents a 7.7% decrease in revenue. The company executives explain this plunge with the effects of the SARS outbreak in the Asian region that had a devastating impact in the airline industry. Cathay’ revenue has as well shown a 11.9% decrease in revenue to $3,792 million from $4,242 million. The drop in revenue was reflected in the net income. At Cathay Pacific Ltd., net income was $167 million as opposed to $511 the year before which is a drop of 67.3%. The income dropped as the company was unable to drastically reduce its operating expenses or finance charges in the light of lower revenue. At Singapore Airlines, net income was down 20.2 % at   $849.3 million as compared to $1,064.8 million for 2002-2003 fiscal year. 2. Current financial position, liquidity, both long and short term, sources of finance The liquidity of the company is most often assessed in terms of the current ratio: Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities For Cathay Pacific Ltd. current ratio = 20,351/ 14,520 = 1.4 For Singapore Airlines, current ratio = 3,121.9/ 3,401.6 = 0.92 Usually companies are expected to have a current ratio that is no higher than 2.0, otherwise the company is believed to be in financial trouble. However, due to advances in information technology has enabled a lot of companies to minimize the need to hold cash, inventories and other liquid assets. As a result, a lot of successful companies are content to keep their current ratios lower than 1.0. This allows us to conclude that although Cathay seems to be in a better position in terms of short-term liquidity, SIA’a lower ratio does necessarily signify trouble. Another useful measure is the quick ratio that indicates how well a firm can satisfy existing short-term obligations with assets that can be converted into cash without difficulty and is computed as follows: Quick ratio = (cash + securities + receivables) / current liabilities Cathay Pacific Ltd. has a quick ratio of (15,200 + 4,573)/ 14,520 = 1.36 SA’ s quick ratio equals (0.4 + 130.2 + 1,518.5)/ 3,401.6 = 0.48 Again, based on current ratio, Cathay is much more liquid than Singapore Airlines as it has more assets that can be readily turned into cash. Long-term liquidity of the firm is evaluated using the debt ratio that specifies the overall ability of the company to repay its debts: Debt ratio = Total liabilities/ total assets According to the general rule of thumb, this ratio should not exceed 50%. For Cathay, the debt ratio is (29,361 + 14,520) /   (54,686 + 20,351) = 58.9% For Singapore Airlines, the debt ratio amounts to (446.7 + 2,175.3 + 2,207.2)/ 16,558.4 = 29.16% These calculations make it apparent that although Singapore Airlines is less liquid than Cathay Pacific Ltd., the Singaporean company has less long-term obligations and thus is less risky for the investor. Thus, Cathay relies primarily on debt to finance its operations, while Singapore Airlines is predominantly equity-financed. 3) Changes to the organizations and their effect At Singapore Airlines, a more streamlined organizational structure was introduced at the beginning of the financial year. Under the new structure, sixe senior executives including those heading Services and Operations, Marketing, Corporate Services, Finance, Human Resources and Planning will report directly to the CEO of the company. Hopefully, this simplified structure will make possible a speedier implementation of decisions. Cathay Pacific Ltd. basically retained the same corporate structure in the fiscal year analyzed. 4) The status of the companies in the financial markets and relative to their industry sector. In the aviation industry where both companies belong, the average market cap, according to Yahoo! Finance, is $895.52 million. Both Cathay with about $5.96 billion and SIA with $7.86 significantly exceed this number. On the other hand, revenue growth in the industry has been 12.8% on the average of late as opposed to the drop in the revenue of both airlines. As for profitability, the average operating margin for the airline industry is 6.81% compared to 6.97% at SIA. Cathay with 11.9% is well ahead of the market. The average return on equity in the aviation sector is 8.3% as compared to Cathay 5.16%, Singapore Airlines 7.4%. 5) Past performance and projected future trends Cathay Pacific Ltd. Cathay Pacific Ltd. is Hong Kong’s largest air carrier accounting for a third of all passenger flights through Hong Kong. Cathay owns a minority stake in its competitor Dragonair that holds another tenth of the market. You read "Mananaging finance" in category "Essay examples" Recently Cathay entered a contract with Air China that it will buy a 9.9% stake in the Air China’s initial public offering. The partnership will allow joint marketing and sales activities, cooperation in engineering, ground handling, purchasing, security as well as better coordination of the two companies’ schedules. This arrangement will allow Cathay to optimize its cost structure. The cooperation with Air China offers a strategic advantage as it provides improved access to Beijing Capital international Airport, a major hub in inland China. China is one of the world’s fastest growing regional aviation markets and the one coveted by many carriers. Competition was until recently restricted by the limitations on the number of flights performed by foreign carriers imposed by the Chinese government. Cathay and Hong Kong have pressured Chinese authorities to allow more flights between Hong Kong and mainland China. Cathay management has been trying to get access to passenger flights between Hong Kong and Shanghai sooner than the agreed date of October 2006 when a second Hong Kong airline will be allowed to start serving Shanghai with passenger flights. Liberalization of these restrictions could boost Cathay’s revenue dramatically since this route is very lucrative because of heavy business travel. In 2003 Cathay resumed air services in mainland China after a 1-year absence from the market. Here it faces competition from its former partner Dragonair. Now it plans to make its three-time -a-week flights to Beijing daily in December, add even more Beijing flights next year and launch passenger services to Xiamen and cargo services to Shanghai. Regular air companies like Cathay and Dragonair now face tougher competition from budget carriers Air Asia from Malaysia and Virgin Blue of Australia forcing the veterans of the market to cut their costs. Earlier Cathay representatives admitted that the prices are somewhat higher in this market than in others but attributed this to the difference in exchange rates and other long-term factors. The tendency towards more open skies pursued by Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia will draw more passengers through their airports but can damage the market share and financial performance of Hong Kong airlines including Cathay. Asian governments are slowly dismantling obstacles on the way of foreign air carriers and can be expected to continue with this policy. This could improve Cathay’s prospects in mainland China but sharpen competition in Hong Kong itself. However, the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome has attracted the public’s attention to the benefit of having a local air carrier since Cathay kept flying at the time when foreign airlines suspended their operations. Overall, since Cathay is in the business of air cargo travel, it can be reasonably assumed to profit from the world’s economic recovery projected to lead to above-average growth in the global airfreight market, according to a Lufthansa report (2004). Lufthansa experts base their assessment of tonnage increase of 5.9% in international air cargo market in 2004 on expectations of the boom in the Asian market and gradual recovery in North America. Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines is also in the business of air transportation, engineering, airport terminal and pilot training. Its operations cover Asia, Europe, North and South America, South West Pacific and Africa. Due to this global focus, the company is also expected to benefit from the boom in the Asian market. Unlike Cathay, the diversity of the routes makes it easier for Singapore Airlines to balance its risks that can occur because of an economic downturn in one of the markets. Singapore Airlines is primarily focused in its business on the Asian business as it is the largest carrier in terms of market capitalization with $7.86 billion in market cap as compared with Cathay Pacific Ltd. with $5.96 billion. Singapore Airlines has posted strong second quarter results that beat analysts’ expectations. The reason behind strong growth is increase in travel demand. Singapore Airlines is listed on the first London Stock Exchange office in Asia, and on the first New York Stock Exchange office in Hong Kong along with 15 other Chinese companies. This development can contribute to greater transparency of their accounting procedures and lend credibility to their financial information, which in turn can help them bring down their cost of borrowing and attract more investors’ money. There are a lot of European investment funds waiting to be put into the thriving Chinese economy. Investors are attracted by the huge potential of the Chinese outbound market that has already surpassed Japan as the top location in the Asia Pacific outbound ranking. After surviving an epidemic of SARS, the market is forecast by many analysts to return to very strong growth in 2004-2005. China outbound trip volume has increased about five times in the past decade. In 2002 the annual volume was 16.6 million outbound departures as compared to 3.7 in 1993. The market is predicted to show double-digit annual increases if only the outbreak of SARS is not repeated. Singapore Airlines is fully positioned to take advantage of this trend as it is one of the leading carriers in the Asian-Pacific region, so a dramatic rise in revenue can be expected. According to the corporate news, the company is making efforts at slashing its costs. On November 23, it announced the plan to outsource jobs in uplift flight coupon processing and some aspects of interline billings, making 66 jobs in the Finance Division. This effort could help raise the company’s efficiency and improve the bottom line in the long run. The most important challenge for the airline industry is the rising fuel costs. Singapore Airlines admitted that higher fuel costs hold their halfyear net profit to $616 million. A lot for the airlines will depend on the evolution of the world oil prices. Further uncertainties surrounding the operation of the pipeline in Iraq or disruptions in Russia caused by the Yukos legal proceedings could drive up the oil price further up, negatively affecting Singapore Airlines’ net income. According to the company’s calculations, that a one-dollar-per-barrel increase in the oil price amounts to the additional $ 14 million fuel spending for Singapore Airlines. Another worry for the management of the airline is the advent of low-cost carriers that puts increasing pressure on the company’s cost structure. All Asian carriers should hope that an epidemic of SARS will not be repeated as it had a devastating effect on the revenue of Singapore Airlines and other companies. Works cited Beveridge, Dick (October 20, 2004), Cathay Pacific Buys into Air China, goldsea.com/Asiagate/410/21cathay.html Bradsher, Keith (October 22, 2004), A Struggle over Air Routes in East Asia, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22aviation.html?ex=1184817600en=477bd65aaf1258d7ei=5035partner=MARKETWATCH Hong Kong, China Strike New Aviation Deal (Associated Press, September 8, 2004) Lufthansa Cargo forecasts swift recovery of the global airfreight market, http://www.lufthansa-cargo.de/content.jsp?path=0,1,14871,15152,15452,16898 Niem, Andrea (2004), London Stock Exchange Aims to Lure Chinese, Companies, http://www.axcessnews.com/business_110304b.shtml World Travel Trends, 2003-2004, WTMGlobal Travel Report Annual reports: Cathay 2003 Annual Report http://www.cathaypacific.com/intl/aboutus/investor/0,,31343,00.html Singapore 2003/2004 Annual Report http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/app/saa?hidHeaderAction=onHeaderMenuClickhidTopicArea=AnnualReport ¤tSite=global          How to cite Mananaging finance, Essay examples

Five Factors Traits of Personality-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthel

Question: Discuss about the Big five Personality Model of Bill English and John key. Answer: Introduction: The assignment deals with the Big Five Personality Traits taking Bill English, the present prime minister of New Zealand and thirty ninth prime minister of New Zealand Sir John Philip Key into consideration. The five big traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The reader can expect to gain an in depth knowledge about the big five personality traits. He can also expect to study the big five models and their traits like openness and extraversion drawing examples from the personality traits of Bill English and Sir John Philip (DeYoung 2015). A study of the background of the big five personality model shows that it is a model based on personality surveys and can be expressed in form of statistics. The personality traits are identical to lexical hypothesis and reflect important aspects of peoples personalities. A study of the background of Sir John Philip key shows that he has served as the Prime Minister of New Zealand and has long political background and experience empowering him to lead the country. Simon William Bill English is the present Prime Minister of New Zealand is endowed with several big five traits like openness and extraversion(NZ Herald. 2017). Five Big traits: The five big traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Figure 1: Big 5 Trait Model Source: (Roughan 2017) Openness: Openness to experience refers to degree of acceptance of creativity and new experiences. The people with this personality trait appreciate arts, emotions and diverse experiences of life. This personality trait is associated self actualisation and extremely innovative. However, extreme openness is associated with lack of focus and sincerity especially in group activities(Judge, T.A. and Zapata 2015). Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness refers to act responsibly towards achievement of objectives. The people with this trait are organised and show a high degree of self discipline. They aim for achievement of objectives and plan the strategies to achieve those objectives. However, high conscientiousness is often perceived as a sign of obsession and obstinacies. Although lack of conscientiousness is associated with flexibility to others plans, it can also be assumed to be a sign of lack of reliability (Kluemper, McLarty and Bing 2015). Extraversion: Extraversion is the positive attitude and sociability to contribute towards group activities. The individuals with this personality trait are expert at seeking attention in a team and tend to be very communicative. However, high degree of extraversion reflects attention seeking and lack of seriousness. Low extraversion results in reserved and reflective personality trait lacking communication (Gebauer et al. 2014). Agreeability: Agreeability refers to the personality trait showing cooperativeness towards a team to help in achieving targets. The individuals having this trait harbour trust in their team members and encourage team action. However extreme agreeability is perceived as lack of decision making power and leadership qualities (Mller et al. 2014). Neuroticism: Neuroticism refers to the psychological trait of experiencing negative feelings like anxiety and intimidation. It shows the degree of mental stability of a person to tackle these negative feelings. The individuals who are capable of dealing with neuroticism are often expert in taking decisions in the face of competition and stress (Wille and De Fruyt 2014). Background of Bill English: Simon William Bill English was born on 30th December, 1961, becoming the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand along with the leader of the National Party. He was previously been elected as the Deputy Prime Minister ranging from period 2008 to 2016. English attended St Thomas school in Winton, followed by St. Patricks College in the Upper Hut, becoming the head boy there. Then English went on to learn commerce at the Otago University and then completing an honours grade in English Literature at the Victoria University of Wellington. During the 1980s, English joined the National Party, while being studying at the Victoria University. For a period he served as the chairman of the branch at Southland of the Young Nationals, and also becoming the member of the committee of Wellington electorate. Once he shifted to Wellington, English served for certain periods on the electorate committees of Island Bay and Miramar, respectively. English is generally looked upon more the more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key. English is stated to be following Roman Catholic, though he believes his religious beliefs to be a personal matter, separating it overall from politics. Background of John Key: Sir John Philip Key born on 9th August, 1961 has been a New Zealand politician, serving as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He was born in the city of Auckland before shifting to Christchurch as a child, attending the University of Canterbury, graduating in the year 1981 with a degree of bachelor of commerce. His career started with a stint in foreign exchange market in New Zealand before moving abroad to work for Merrill Lynch, where he went on to become the head of the global foreign exchange in the year 1995, a position where he stayed for six long years. In the year 1999, Key was selected as the affiliate of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving that in 2001. His entry into the New Zealand Parliament was in 2002 when he represented the Auckland electorate of Helensville and in 2004 was appointed as the Finance Spokesperson for National Party. Key was allotted a Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Merit Order, recognizing his services towards the State, in an event at the 2017 Queens Birthday Honours. In his personal life, Key is stated to be an agnostic, stating he never believed in afterlife and sees religion as doing correct things. Personality of Bill English as per Big 5 Personality Model: Extraversion: It has been stated earlier this year that Bill English, the New Zealand Prime Minister is far from being comfortable in the public gawk, and like his predecessors John Key, English has set along in revealing more of his personal life in an offer to become more relatable to the voting public. In the early days of April, 2017, there was a selfie of a dinner within family and his untraditional ways of making pizza that created headlines globally. This signifies the fact that Bill English was a high attention seeker, boosted by his latest efficiently formed promotional video on Facebook featuring the Prime Minister playing cricket with sleeves rolled up and reading stories to the children. As per Roughan (2017), analysts like Claire Robinson, Massey University political scientist states that English has been affected by the need of a quick build up of a public brand after being in the background for eight years as Finance Minister. He is not comfortable being the public persona, though he seems enjoying the additional public facet of the role and the photographs of the Prime Minister certainly proves that fact of opinion (www.nzherald.co.nz 2017). Therefore, it can be stated that Bill English is high on scale of extraversion. Agreeableness: Bill English can be stated as the Southern man who is generally steady and reliable. He has teamed up with Paula Bennet who is outwardly contemptible, though she has been striving hard in toning that down after her promotion to deputy leader. According to Colbert, Barrick and Bradley (2014), the thing that works in favour of Bill English is being much passionate about the details during his tenure as the Finance Minister, though as a prime Minister he needs to embrace a bigger audience. Bennett is more of a big picture politician, shaking up the traditional image of the National Party. As stated earlier, Bill English like s working behind the scenes, which makes him less comfortable with the masses, not being able to provoke much of the sympathy as like his predecessor John Key, who was able to make people relate with him in every sense. Bill English has been lower than John Key in the scale level of agreeableness, as he has not been that tactful and friendly as his precursor. Conscientiousness: New Zealands Prime Minister Bill English has been able to contrast the attainment of the government with the rearranging of Labour party. Bill English ahs always believed that a good government would always achieve positive results. Bill English further added that when the opposition has been busy in rearranging themselves, restoring their billboards, Bill and his team have been getting on with their decisions in making a difference to the New Zealanders. As per Spain, Harms and LeBreton (2014), this has been much reflected in the most recent advice from the international credit rating agency as it anticipates New Zealand to be one of the top triple A economies in the coming few years. New Zealand is stated to have strong economic preparation under the leadership of Bill English. Under the able guidance of English, New Zealand has been enjoying relatively healthy annual GDP growth accounting to more than 3 per cent with the rate of unemployment falling below 5 per cent. English ahs w ell achieved in returning smaller surpluses on the books of the government over a period of past couple of years. He also added to the fact that he would be delivering cuts in taxes, thus spreading the countrys mounting wealth where necessary. It can thus be stated that Bill English has been high on the scale of conscientiousness, achieving objectives as planned, but not as high as his predecessor John Key. Neuroticism: Bill English is stated to be socially conservative. He is virtually killing off the obligations of secular government which he views to be sinful through pretention of resourcing in to only the needy. Many might miss the fact that Bill English is a fanatical Catholic. As per Clark and Vanderbleek (2016), the last eight years of the life of Bill English has been spend on budget books, where he is generally fiscal conservative, however not ideologically driven like Ruth Richardson. He has this negativity within himself related to same sex marriage for which he voted against along with the formation of civil unions and prostitution law modifications. The world has gone one step further in legalizing the prostitution law and same sex marriages, and in the face of global competition it would have been beneficial on the part of Bill English to think otherwise. English is stated to be a religious extremist who if being facilitated in finishing his goal of wellbeing privatization would cause more damage than by his predecessors. He is more focused towards maiming the capacity of the State in funding and dispensing the social obligations for the desperate people to be pressed towards the representatives of God on Earth (Barlett and Anderson 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that Bill English scores low on the neuroticism count. Openness: While being the Finance Minister, Bill English made use of the wafer-thin surplus in undercutting the policies of the Opposition while making use of some creative and innovative spending ideas for trying to develop the chances of the National for re-election. During his tenure as the Finance Minister, the Opposition were abridged to the attainment of the surplus with Mr. English rolling out several initiatives of spending that were stated to be family-friendly along with some social expenditure intended towards low to middle-income earners (Jia, Jia and Karau 2013). Mr. English was able to forecast surpluses stating families would be benefiting from a economy that is growing, providing more jobs along with higher amount of wages. He was also open to certain issues pertaining the affordable housing, announcing a package that removed temporarily duties and tariffs on the material of buildings that covers 90 per cent of the construction of new homes. A rise in the prices of the houses h it hard those on the lower income level, widening the inequality gap. Developments in the supply components of housing, as per Bill English would complement the programs related to social housing reform (Cho and Auger 2017). Thus, it can be stated that Bill has been high on the quotient of openness, finding creative ideas to help the people of New Zealand in dreaming big. Personality of John Key as per Big 5 Personality Model: Extraversion: John Key, the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand has been extensively liked by his countrymen, a liking which has more been like a friend or someone they might identify and trust on. Key has this easygoing agreeable appearance about himself who does not seems in taking things much seriously, kidding around a bit, giving him the available personality. Key has been one of those leaders who have been tremendously liked by the people, which is difficult to tackle for his opponents. There were certain dodgy issues like the deal of the SkyCity or the electorate housing in seats like Epsom where people raised questions and were unhappy with him, though that unhappiness was only the result of the liking they have for their leader. Therefore, it can be concluded that John Key has been running high on the quotient of extraversion where people are attention seekers and lacks much seriousness. The same has been the case with John Key, presenting himself before the mass as an easygoing person hav ing a warm kind of character along with great communication skill that makes him more than desirable (Spain, Harms and LeBreton 2014). Agreeableness: John Key has been a politician who has never hidden his human trades, but rather embracing the same provoking sympathy while others in the fray has been much unrelatable. John Key might sound lunatic, but in New Zealand he seems to be the most human and relatable politician. Brand Key was all about I, though the same cannot be stated in the post-Key era. Key had a clear vision about what he wanted for New Zealand which he expressed persistently and ardently (Oreg and Berson 2015). He was one of those leaders who was able to keep his team focused in attaining results through centring around himself and other strengths. The scale of agreeableness of John Key has been much higher to that of Bill English, his successor. The thing that works well for John Key is the liking of the people and the belief they had on him after his leadership succeeded in mitigating the consequences of the Global Financial Crisis on New Zealand. Under John Key, New Zealand became an easy place to conduct busin ess. The strong point for John Key has always been his amiable personality giving him an edge over his opponents from Labour and Green whose leaders have never been as marketable as Key. Conscientiousness: John Key has been stated to be more conscientiousness than the average liking of the New Zealanders. John keys highly conscientiousness meant Key set more goals for himself with their intention to carrying through. He has been prompt though, governing the country through the period of recession, working hard in creating the much-protested strategy for the inequitable privatization of the enterprises that are stated owned. He has been a dominating figure in the background of New Zealand politics. He has always kept the economy of the country on track, even during the testing times of seismic shifts that rocked Christchurch. His can do spirit has been superb, especially at a time when the other world leaders have been finding it difficult to keep their nations economy on the right track (www.nzherald.co.nz 2017). His stable leadership during the tough times of the country has been influential, though the man has not been shy to replace people who have underperformed in his tenure. He h ave been ruthless at times for which he has been criticised like cutting of the social programs that was introduced by the Labour party and giving greater precedence to primary reforms of critical laws like the Resource management Act. The mans tough upbringing has resulted in him being dependent on himself in bringing radical changes and being tough on others. Neuroticism: Unlike Bill English, John Key was able to focus on much broader reforms like legalizing the gay marriages and even identifying or recognizing the Pastarian marriages. Moreover, he did not hold much negativity about his opposition which is evident from the fact that he kept various policies of Labour in the threshold of Nationals government which worked well previously. He believed in the fact that the best way to beat ones opposition is adopting their policies. In a survey, it was found that John Key has been rated within the top 5 per cent population for emotional stability, suggesting that it has never been easy to melt down the person on the stump (Clark and Vanderbleek 2016). He has been gritty, self-motivated and easy going resulting in eight long years of reigning as the Prime Minister of New Zealand. His successor, Bill English might have been someone whose negativity thinking has put an end to certain policies that are being globally accepted these days. New Zealand might los e out on the grounds that it has covered under John Key, a man who is emotionally stable. Openness: Being a go-getter John Key has always been open to new ideas and creativity. Under his tenure as the Prime minister of New Zealand, John Key government has invested in education and innovation for the long-term growth of the country. The man has been influential in investing in six projects related to the New Zealand tourism that would provide tourists with rich cultural experience of the country along with modernization. As per Judge and Zapata (2015), John Key always believed in keeping New Zealand as a affluent first world economy having high wages, generous safety in the welfare of the society needs to be more innovative and more competitive. John has been a passionate free-trader, signing free trade agreements with Singapore that sprang up a 12 nation free trade agreement symbolizing 40 per cent of the global GDP (Zacher et al. 2014). Therefore, John is high on the scale level of openness where he believes in creativity and innovation to be the key to economy. Conclusion: It can be concluded that John Key has been away more popular than what Bill English has been in New Zealand. The reason being John Key was such a leader who could relate well to people, a trait that served well during his 8 long years as the Prime Minister of New Zealand. Bill English played a second fiddle role when John Key was at helm. He was playing the role of a Finance Minister, a role that suited him perfectly for the fact being he likes working behind the scenes. Every individual has their own sets of personal traits and observations and perceptions through which they work. Though they belong to the same National Party, their way of seeing and understanding things has been different which is evident from the fact that certain policies that were implemented by John Key during his tenure, was opposed by Bill English, the most popular being the same sex marriage. Both of the leaders have been at high score levels on most of the traits though Key clearly beating his successor in popularity factor. Bill has a bit of negative mindset, where his personal opinions take the centre stage in making decisions though Keys has always been for the New Zealanders. However, the John Key era was more of an I factor, but with English it has been sheer team work, with his partnership with Paula Bennet. John Key has always been a talkative extrovert who rarely tracks down the information and gets upset at the shifting of the products in the supermarkets. Key is more spontaneous whereas, English is more conscious. Key a more extrovert in his approach whereas English has been more introverts with his plans and policies. Key has always been stated as a go-getter whereas, Bill English has displayed much patience in making his moves. References: Barlett, C.P. and Anderson, C.A., 2012. Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior.Personality and Individual Differences,52(8), pp.870-875. Bill English most trusted to keep his word but Jacinda Ardern close on his tail - new poll. (2017).NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11901981 Cho, M. and Auger, G.A., 2017. Extrovert and engaged? Exploring the connection between personality and involvement of stakeholders and the perceived relationship investment of nonprofit organizations.Public Relations Review. Clark, L.A. and Vanderbleek, E., 2016. Schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality.Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, pp.1-4. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. DeYoung, C.G., 2015. Cybernetic big five theory.Journal of Research in Personality,56, pp.33-58. Gebauer, J.E., Bleidorn, W., Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J., Lamb, M.E. and Potter, J., 2014. Cross-cultural variations in big five relationships with religiosity: a sociocultural motives perspective.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,107(6), p.1064. Jia, H., Jia, R. and Karau, S., 2013. Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the Big Five traits and workplace situational factors.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(3), pp.358-365. John Key steps down as Prime Minister of New Zealand - 'I've got nothing left in the tank'. 2017.NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11760717 Judge, T.A. and Zapata, C.P., 2015. The personsituation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the Big Five personality traits in predicting job performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1149-1179. Judge, T.A. and Zapata, C.P., 2015. The personsituation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the Big Five personality traits in predicting job performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1149-1179. Kluemper, D.H., McLarty, B.D. and Bing, M.N., 2015. Acquaintance ratings of the Big Five personality traits: Incremental validity beyond and interactive effects with self-reports in the prediction of workplace deviance.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), p.237. Mller, K.W., Beutel, M.E., Egloff, B. and Wlfling, K., 2014. Investigating risk factors for Internet gaming disorder: a comparison of patients with addictive gaming, pathological gamblers and healthy controls regarding the big five personality traits.European addiction research,20(3), pp.129-136. Nichols, A.L. and Cottrell, C.A., 2014. What do people desire in their leaders? The role of leadership level on trait desirability.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), pp.711-729. 'No urgency' to scrap blasphemy law, Prime Minister Bill English says. 2017.NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11852061 NZ Herald. 2017. Twelve Questions with Prime Minister Bill English. [online] Available at: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11835767 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Oreg, S. and Berson, Y., 2015. Personality and charismatic leadership in context: The moderating role of situational stress.Personnel Psychology,68(1), pp.49-77. Roughan, J., 2017.John Key: Portrait of a Prime Minister. Penguin UK. Spain, S.M., Harms, P. and LeBreton, J.M., 2014. The dark side of personality at work.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(S1). Wille, B. and De Fruyt, F., 2014. Vocations as a source of identity: Reciprocal relations between Big Five personality traits and RIASEC characteristics over 15 years.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(2), p.262. Zacher, H., Pearce, L.K., Rooney, D. and McKenna, B., 2014. Leaders personal wisdom and leadermember exchange quality: The role of individualized consideration.Journal of Business Ethics,121(2), pp.171-187.

Essay Examples on James Monroe Essay Example

Essay Examples on James Monroe Paper 1st Essay Sample on James Monroe Few men were equals in James Monroes sensibility, fortitude, and reverence to the prosperity of the United States. His administration distinguishes itself as one of the few that was successful in nearly every aspect. But perhaps Monroes most valuable attribution to the progression of the American nation was his dominance in regulating foreign affairs: a dominance that has transcended the turbulent times of American history and still remains a firm cornerstone of modern foreign policy. Monroe adamantly believed in not only expanding the U.S. territories, but also in extending the reaches of American foreign relations. Ultimately, Monroe was prosperous in staying true to these beliefs. Ably supported by Adams, he made substantial territorial additions and gave American policy a distinctly national orientation. Monroe welcomed an opportunity to press Spain to cede Florida and define the boundaries of Louisiana. The opportunity arose in the midst of the First Seminole War. Although the atrocities by American troops towards several British citizens residing in Florida temporarily strained relations with Great Britain, Monroes potent military action assured Spain that the U.S. was apt and powerful enough to seize Spanish Florida at any moment. Upon this realization and careful maneuvering by Monroe, Spain ceded Florida to the United States and defined, favorably to American claims, the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase in the Adams-Onis Treaty negotiated in 1819. The Adams-Onis Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the boundaries of the U.S. territory. The agreement also served as one of the defining moments of James Monroes administration. The challenge that faced Monroe was satiating the zealous American will to expand while keeping healthy Spanish relations in tact. But his fastidious conduct of both foreign and domestic policy proved this delicate situation to be of minor concern. 2nd Essay Sample on James Monroe James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county Virginia, on April 28th, 1758.His father was Spence Monroe.He came from a Scottish family, but settled in Virginia in the mid sixteen hundreds.James was the eldest of four boys and one girl. In 1786, Monroe married a seventeen-year-old girl named Elizabeth Kortright on June 30, 1768.Together they had two daughters named Eliza and Maria, and a son but he died at the age of two. James Monroe had a good education.He studied at home with a tutor until he was twelve.Then his father sent him to the school of Parson Archibald Campbell.He had to leave home early in the morning just to reach school on time.Often he would carry a rifle so he could shoot game on his way through the woods.At the age of sixteen, James entered the college of William and Mary.But soon after enrolling, he would leave college, and join the revolutionary war. Monroe began his political career in 1782, when he won a seat in the Virginia assembly.In 1783, he was elected to t he Congress Of The Confederation, where he served three years.In 1786, Monroe started practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.But soon after, he ran for the Virginia assembly again and remained in the assembly for four years.In 1790, Monroe was elected to the United States Senate.He was a democratic republican.In 1794, president George Washington appointed James Monroe, Minister to France.During his talks in France, Monroe criticized Jays treaty between United States and Britain, as The most shameful transaction I have ever known.In 1799, Monroe was elected governor of Virginia. He played an important part in preserving democratic processes. In 1817, James Monroe was elected president of the United States of America.Daniel D. Tompkins was his Vice president.Monroes presidency was known as The era of good feeling. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

In defense of voluntary euthanasia Essays

In defense of voluntary euthanasia Essays In defense of voluntary euthanasia Paper In defense of voluntary euthanasia Paper But because of the authors use of pathos, the audience has felt great emotion towards him. In the next part of the article, Hook states how he can understand how his own personal experience could be cited as an argument against stricken patients to be gently eased out of their pain and life. Even though this is the case he goes on to say that he cannot agree with non-support of Euthanasia. Hook states two main reason in his article; As an octogenarian, there is a reasonable likelihood that I may suffer another cardiovascular accident or worse. Basically the author cannot predict his future and would likely return t o the same state or worse that he was previously in. He would like to have the power to end life support and not have to deal with the pain and suffering anymore. This is an example of when the author uses the technique of logos. Another reason he supports euthanasia is because he wouldnt like to put his family and friends through what they recently had to endure with him in the hospital. This view shows how the author is aware of the pain and suffering that his family and friends will have to endure. He would rather end his life, than make others worry about his situation all the time. Again at this point the author seems to use his intellect to sway the audience. There are instances of this when he uses intellectual vocabulary to explain his point. These arguments help the author support his view by giving direct examples of the negative points of not allowing Euthanasia. Later on in the article the author writes how he is mindful of the burdens placed on the community by not allowing euthanasia not being practiced. This point seems to be when the author uses extrinsic points to support his idea on this topic. He does this to show how many valuable resources are used on people on life support. Again this is another use of logos. By the author showing that he is aware of the problems placed on the community, he appears to be intellectual with the community. He believes that a better use could be made of these resources to increase opportunities and qualities for others. This shows how Hook feels that valuable time and money are wasted keeping people alive who are enduring to him unneeded pain. This is another reason why Hook supports Euthanasia. Again this is an important part of the article because it gives explanation to the authors point of view. This is a very interesting point that the author makes because at some point he was one of the people that valuable money and time were spent on to keep alive. Although Hooks article has relevance and states many strengths, I think he oversimplifies the process of Euthanasia. This is a very important flaw in his argument. By doing this I think he overlooks how big of a decision life and death really is. The article by Sidney Hook, concerning Euthanasia is very complicated. Hooks main purpose is to inform society on the dangers of not allowing Euthanasia. He does this by using the rhetorical appeals of ethos, logos and pathos. His views on the subject are quite surprising because of his personal situation. One would think that a person who was saved from ending his life-support, would not be in support of Euthanasia. Surprisingly the author not only supports the idea of Euthanasia but also gives many reasons why he is in support of the idea. Even though the authors opinion is surprising, he does a good job of explaining why he supports his views. His use of extrinsic proofs in the article can be explained to help his argument. Many supporters of Euthanasia consider these personal opinions of the author valid. Because of the authors direct first experience of being on life support, his opinion is very valuable. Also because of his direct experience he is able to use vocabulary that deals directly with the subject. This allows him to have an informative tone throughout the article. Though this topic is very controversial, this article is good for swaying the views of some of its readers.

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering Essay

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering - Essay Example However, one of them needs to be declined to rationalize and imagine the overall reason for his adverse condition. In the most terrible state of life â€Å"Job† meets his friends and his friends suggest that all the suffering in Job’s life are a reaction of his sins that are declining the third belief (3). However, Job declines and suggests that since he has been a good and submissive being of God, therefore, God has been unfair to him; declining the idea of justice from God (2). Thirdly, according to Kushner if he is just and fair God, who is kind and good with his creature maybe he has no control over certain happenstances; thus, proving that God is not all supreme and powerful (1). The above-stated hypothesis was suggested by Harold S. Kushner when a strong religious believer of God like him lost his beloved son of fourteen to an incurable disease (62, Long). He reviewed his views of God after his son’s death and thus, produced a perspective, which supported few of the situations but is not acceptable or pragmatic in general. Instead, his views are perceived as anti-God and disrespectful among all the religious communities of the world. If a poised and blessed person like â€Å"Job† loses his health and wealth including his family and children. Then the poised person should have known that this life on Earth is a test for humans by the God (most powerful). And if one fails to comply with the rules developed/told by God, then he will be clearly a follower of Satan, who himself was ungrateful and proud. Similarly, he should have known that even the most beloved and poised Prophets were tested by the God and he tests the loyalty and faith of his creatures (human) in various ways.  Ã‚  

Russian aggression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Russian aggression - Essay Example In a global perspective, Ukraine is an easy target but it is exactly Ukraine that is a cornerstone which stands at the crossroads of western and eastern interests. These interests with full speed go towards the Cold War 2.0 and rebuilding of USSR. If nothing will be done in some time the Middle East will not be the only region that admires was and lives only for it. The most global, total and incredibly important conflict of recent times concentrated in the eastern Ukraine. It won’t be Yugoslavia, Iraq or Syria because it will be much worse due to the more political subjects in this highly risky game. Being the biggest European country with more than 45 million of citizens Ukraine will try to stand back but without help in some time, the Baltic States and even Scandinavian countries will feel the pressure. Annexation of Crimea shows that Russia will do anything while American and European promises and guarantees on the matter of Ukrainian independence and immunity of its borde rs from invasion don’t value much. Something must be done and done quickly. NATO started strategic and tactical of unheard scale. They are the biggest beginning from the last decade of the 20th century. Ukraine still has most of the gas transit checkpoints without which Europe will be left without gas. Ukrainian citizens won’t forget the cost with which they bought their choice of better life according to the European standards. Ukraine knows its value though its politics is still highly imperfect the key for the conflict’s probably the best solution is one united front.

Legal Personality and Limited Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Personality and Limited Liability - Essay Example The law is prepared sometimes to examine the company faade and this process is described as piercing or lifting the corporate veil. The fact that a company is a unit that is thought as legal and free from its owners can sometimes produce undesirable results. For instance, shareholders can obtain funds illegally and then be regarded as not liable to repay or in a case where the directors are liable of fraudulent activities. The courts have been forced to intervene in some circumstances and disregard the doctrine of limited liability and corporate personality especially the case of group companies and their subsidiaries where the entity form is being manipulated as a tool to commit fraud. The case of Salomon Vs Salomon & Co. Ltd in 1987 established the irrevocability position in common law of legal personality and limited liability of companies (Butterworth, 1960, p.6). Some of the circumstances that lead to court intervention include the following: trading with an enemy, the case for sham companies, failure to comply with the legislation laws, fraudulent and wrongful trading, disqualified director's actions and statutory power abuse. For instance if a company is a sham one i.e. formed to enable one avoid obligations such as tax, the court may act to ignore the company's existence. In case the court discovers that a fraud is committed, it is prep... The fraud will notably be a case where a company owner used the company intentionally to deny his creditors their legal rights. It discourages Solomon principle to act as a vehicle of fraud. The exemption which illustrates fraud are found in Gilford Motor Ltd Vs Jones Lipman. In this case, Mr. Horne who was as ex -employee of the company incorporated another limited company in his spouse's name. In so doing, he solicited the clients of Gilford Motor ltd as his employment contract held it clear that he cannot solicit customers of the organization. The court held that the company's idea behind its formation was to commit fraud and to mask Mr. Hornes' effective continuation of the business. The court held that it was a sham to mask his wrongdoings as it was very clear that the objective of incorporating that company was to commit fraud. The court at it discretion may impose liability on people liable for carrying out the business with an intention of defrauding the creditors at the wind ing up of the business. The directors are also liable if they sign a cherub or a bill of exchange on company's behalf and fail to include the company's name, omits a word or writes it incomplete (Oliver, 1971, p.66). Common law provides for separate legal entity of a company and the court disregarded this legal personality and instead has investigated the shareholders personal quality or those who usually controls the company. The reason behind this is because it is the public interest to make sure that the company is not run by an undesirable person and that it is not under any criminal element. Trading with an enemy especially during the time of war is another instance that leads to lifting of the veil of incorporation. In Daimler Company

Costing and Budgeting Case Study

Costing and Budgeting Case Study Accounting is a key success of a business, but the word accounting is more sophisticated. Almost every business, before dealing any project or any other important function, should design an appropriate budget. To make the budget first we should think about the cost because the cost of the production is always variable. A well-planned budget will bring success for a project. In my academic case study, I have to make a budget for Rayners plc. Company, which is a renowned company in the UK. Cost classification: P1 In the managerial accounting the word cost is using various ways. The main reason is that there are many types of costs, and these costs are classified differently according to the certain management process. For example, managers may want cost data to prepare external financial reports, to prepare planning budgets, or to make decisions. There are some relevant costing methods according to the task: Direct/Indirect cost: Direct cost is a cost where everything counting easily and conveniently traced to the particular cost object. But it is not incurred due to the product or activity countless. On the other hand indirect cost is fully reverse of the direct cost where counting process is more sophisticated and inconvenience and it incurred even productivity or activity change. Prime cost: The cost normally counting for labour and material to make product. This cost depend on ability and capacity of the labour that how much performed they are to make production and which way is the best way to use material. Fixed cost: A cost which is not only related to production is called fixed costs. In other words, it is a cost that remains constant even with variations circumstances and situations. VARIABLE COST: Variable costistotally opposite word of fixed cost. When a cost which is varies exactly in proportion to the change in activity (production or sale) would be term as variable cost. This is sometime called engineering cost or a formula cost and can be calculated in advance. Full Absorption cost: A managerialaccounting cost method of expensing all costs associated with manufacturing a particular product. Absorption costinguses the total direct costs and overhead costs associated with manufacturing a product as the cost base. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require absorption costing for external reporting. Costing methods: (P2) According to the marginal cost, another name of fixed cost is period cost that means one need to deduct the total cost from contributions where under absorption costing, fixed cost is part of unit cost/production cost. Therefore deduct the total FC from contributions. Fixed cost does not change at any level of activity. F.O.A.R = Budget O/H Budget Activity (Note that if budget is equal to Actual production, then the absorption will be same). Now, if we will analyse the information and data as a case study of Rayners plc. Year 1 Marginal Costing method: 108,000 Sales: 90,000 X 12 Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add productions (100,000 X 5) 500,000 500,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X5) 50000 450,000 Contribution 630,000 Less Total FC: Production (270,000) Admin Costing (20,000) Net Profit 340,000 Year1Absorption costing method:  £  £ 108,000 Sales (90,000X12) Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add production (100,000X5) 800,000 800,000 Less closing Inventory (10000X8) (80,000) Cost of production (720,000) Gross profit 360,000 Over absorbed (10,000X3) 30,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 370,000 Reconciliation statements:  £  £ Absorption profit 370,000 Les increase in Inventory (Closing inventory opening inventory) Multiply by F.O.A.R (10,000 0) X 3 (30,000) Marginal profit 340,000 Year2 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (110,000X 12) 132,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Add production (110,000X5) 550,000 600,000 Less Closing Inventory (10000X5) (50,000) 550,000 Contribution 770,000 Less total FC: Production (270,000) Admin (20,000) Net Profit 480,000 Year 2 Absorption costing statement:  £  £ Sales 132,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10000X8) 80,000 Add production (110,000X5) 800,000 900,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X8) 80,000 (880,000) 440,000 Over absorption (20,000X3) 60,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 480,000 Year 3 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (750,000X12) 1140,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Production (90,000X5) 450,000 500,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 25,000 (475,000) Contribution 665,000 Less total fixed cost: Production (270,000) Less total fixed cost: Admin 120,000 Net Profit 375,000 Year 3 Absorption costing statement:  £ Sales 140,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X8) 80000 Add production (90,000X8) 720,000 800,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 40,000 (760,000) Gross Profit 380,000 Less Admin (20,000) Net profit 360,000 Reconciliation Statement: Absorption profit 360,000 Add decrease in inventory (5000-10000) X 3 15,000 Marginal profit 375,000 Unit cost: (P3) According to the data of the Rayners plc and using the marginal costing method the unit cost is: Direct material 2 Direct labour1 Prime Cost 3 VC/Unit 2 Marginal cost 5 So according to the marginal cost the value of each unit will be  £5. F.O.A.A (unit) 3 Absorption cost 8 Full cost/Total cost 8 F O A R Budgeted F/C Budgeted Of Level Activity= X/90000 = £3 X= £270000 (Budgeted Of Overhead Collect analyse and present data using appropriate techniques. (P4) In the management accounting there are different ways to collect data for the business. The basic role is the participants a taste of the various tools and techniques available for collecting monitoring and evaluation data. Participants focus on what makes a good questionnaire and discuss tips on how to conduct interviews and focus groups. Participants also have the opportunity to explore more visual, participatory tools so that they can choose which methods are most appropriate for collecting information from their particular stakeholders. Moreover, the source of information that means the entire item for particular enquiry. E.g. invoices, customers and to show these customers feedback those are will be taken into consideration for further used of data collected. Another important technique to analyse and collect data is various sampling such as: Random sampling: This is the purest form of probability sampling. Because due to the large group of population it is really difficult and not possible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic sampling: It is often used as a random sampling. Another name of the sampling is selection technique. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Convenience sampling: It is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient. Judgment sampling: One common non probability method isJudgment sampling. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. Quota sample: This is a sample method where items, usually people, are selected in a given quantities and according to pre-defined characteristics. These different methods are used for different purpose where user must identify a sampling method in order to review the presentation at the intention. These methods can also be used in a wide range of area and activity where there is lots of member with different types of users. Routine cost report: (P5) The report generally include the financial performance for the end of the year .E.g. Profit, Debit, share, price and dividends. It will also advice about transfers to reserves, assets that have been acquired or disposed of the names and shareholding of directors active in the last year, and other business activates that will be interested to stakeholders. Even, sometimes the report also cover the business polices on employment, training, welfare, creditor, creditor payment and corporate responsibility as well. There are some different ways to finding cost report: Monitoring Cost: Cost monitoring means supervising the economic progress in the management system in the business. This is the main reason of cost or expense monitoring is collecting information to check performance against an expectation. Controlling: Cost controlling is process where the common goal of the management is improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Planning: It is called a plan make supreme success. In term of business it is invincible part to make appropriate costing plan.It comprises iterative quantification and costing, derived from benchmarking and market exploration exercises, and is aimed at establishing a realistic and acceptable cost limit. This information is critical for obtaining project financing and for determining whether a project can be profitable or not. Without cost planning, property owners would enter blindly into construction projects and possibly into insolvency. Evaluation: Evaluating the cost of the overall business management is really sophisticated task. According to the business activity there are three types of evaluation specification: Background: Background means description, context, scope and objective of the business. The Selection Process: Analyse briefly the selection process, starting with the advertising the establishment of the shortlist, expressions of interest, and withdrawals of firms before proposal submissions. Technical evaluation: Describe briefly the meetings and actions taken by the evaluation committee formation of a technical evaluation team, outside assistance, evaluation guidelines, justification of sub criteria and associated weightings as indicated in the Standard Request for Proposals; relevant correspondence and compliance. Profitability Ratio: (p6) 1)Gross profit margin =gross profit/sale*100 = xf 2)Net profit margin = PBIT/sales*100 = xf 3) Retained on capital employed = PBIT/capital employed*100 = xf 4) Assets= sales/capital employed = x times Efficiency ratio: Lido ltd New ltd. Assets = 640/350+75 Assets=1600/1600+20 =1.5 times =.987 Productivity Unit produce for employees 20000/34 =588 unit 5000/78=64.1 Operating profit margin 128/640*100=20 256/1600*100 =16 Cost productivity Operating profit per employee 128/34 =3.77 256/78=3.28 Principles of quality: (P7) The basic principle of Total quality management is that costs of prevention are less than the costs of correction. There are various types of roles are involved in term of quality: Assurance: Quality assurance focuses on preventing faulty occurring, instead of fixing them afterwards (which is the quality control approach). Describe everything to find out the causes of defects are identified and ways to fix the system to make sure the problem doesnt happen again are agreed. Reliability: The most important and valuable principles of quality are consistency and reliability. Each link in the quality chain must deliver to the next link on time, in the quantity ordered, to the right specification and at the agreed price, time after time after time. Customer-driven: customer driven quality means many things to many people, in the end it is the customers opinion that counts. In these cases the customers quality ideals must be met every step of the way from the farm to the marketplace. Continuous Improvement: This is an essential part of any good quality system. The market environment for popular product is always changing and highly competitive, so the popular programme must constantly evolve to ensure the industry stays ahead of the completion. Principles of value: Implementing the Principle of Value requires leadership and management with particular, conscious focus and intent.It is always to develop and sustain durable, value-driven, win-win relationships. Everything can be evaluating by relative activity such as Products for payment Salary for performance Investment for profits. Everywhere we look, we see win-win relationships as the core of durable success. If we lose those relationships, we eventually lose everything. Another important principle is core value which is completely design by roles of fairy, ethos, human morality, dignity, and customer service. If an organization does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely profit-centric. This behaviour inevitably leads to a short-term focus and potentially illegal practices that provide the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to build business value by making the right decisions; and, decisio ns about core values are essential. Purpose and nature of Budget: (P8) Budgeting is a basic and essential process in a business which allows businesses to gain many goals in one course of action.The budgeting process may be carried out by individuals or by companies to estimate whether the person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. There are several purposes to create and implement a budget include control and evaluation, planning, communication, and motivation. Control and Evaluation This is most important matter after finalized a budget is providing sufficient control and evaluating its performance.If performance does not meet the budget, action can be taken immediately to adjust activities. Budgeting allows a company to have a certain range of control over costs, such as reducing many types of unnecessary expenses or assigning responsibility for these expenses. A budget also gives a company a benchmark by which to evaluate business units, departments, and even individual managers. Unfortunately this purpose of budgeting may be effect on employees to have negative thinking about the budgeting process because their compensation and, in certain situation, even their jobs may be operating on meeting certain budgeting target. Planning Planning is initial purpose of budgeting. It is also design by decisions, and many questions must be answered. Besides that, budgeting allows a business to take stock of revenue and expenses from the previous period, and judge where the business will be in future periods. It also allows the organization to add and remove products and services from its plan for the future period. Communication and Motivation: Other goals that an organization may use its budget to achieve that are less obvious include communication and motivation. It is important that make correlation according to the chain of command like from management level to supervisor level, this is only to gain mentally satisfaction of the staff. When an employee is involved in creating his or her departments budget, that person will be more likely to strive to achieve that budget. Budgets also allow a company to motivate its employees by involving them in the budget. Budgeting method: (p9) A budget is an individual and written estimate of how an organization or a particular project, or business unit willperform financially. If we can accurately predict our companys performance than we will be certain that resources such as money, people, equipment, manufacturing plants, and the like are deployed appropriately. There is various kind of budgeting are available for a business such as: Cash budget: An important estimate of a companys cash position for a particular period of time. . Labor budget: The total cost for labor to be expended for a set period of time calculated by taking every persons position in an organization, department, or project and multiplying the number of hours they are expected to work by their wage rates. Sales budget: An estimate of the quantity of goods and services that will be sold during a specific period of time. Production budget: A forecast thatstarts with the sales budgets estimates of the total number of units projected to be sold, then translates this information into estimates of the cost of labor, material, and other expenses required to produce them. Expense budget: An estimate prepared for travel, utilities, office supplies, telephone, and many other common business expenses for a given period. Incremental Budget: These types of budget are normally starts with previous periods budget or actual results and add an incremental amount to cover for inflation and other known changes. Advantages of incremental budgeting The budget is stable and change is gradual. Managers can operate their departments on a consistent basis. The system is relatively simple to operate and easy to understand. The impact of change can be seen quickly. Disadvantages of incremental budgeting Assumes activities and methods of working will continue in the same way. No incentive for developing new ideas. No incentives to reduce costs. Encourages spending up to the budget so that the budget is maintained next year. The budget may become out of date and no longer relate to the level of activity or type of work being carried out. Zero-based budget: This is a traditional technique of planning and decision-making which reverses the working process. By contrast with incremental budgeting, in zero-based budgeting, every department function is reviewed comprehensively and all expenditures must be approved, rather than only increases. Advantages Drives managers to find cost effective ways to improve operations. Detects inflated budgets. Useful for service departments where the output is difficult to identify. Increases communication and coordination within the organization. Identifies and eliminates wasteful and obsolete operations. Identifies opportunities for outsourcing. It responds to changes in the business environment. Disadvantages It emphasize short-term benefits to the detriment of long term goals The budgeting process may become too rigid and the organisation may not be able to react to unforeseen opportunities or threats Difficult to define decision units and decision packages, as it is time-consuming and exhaustive. Forced to justify every detail related to expenditure. The RD department is threatened whereas the production department benefits. According to the previous discussion it is clear that Zero-based budgeting is must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. But every organisation should provide Necessary training to manager. According to the case study there are four types of budgets will be explaining.

history :: essays research papers

At the time that Gotham City was situated, the political condition of the country was undergoing major transition. There was great need for politicians to take up opportunities created by the masses as a leverage for their own cause. Gotham City with its infrastructure would have been an ideal situation for any political figure to take up and use it for his own advantage. Michael Curley, who has been a democratic candidate himself, was keen on individuality. He had been nominated for Boston’s mayor several times but he had not been able to achieve significant success with Congress due his criminal background. Curley would have suggested that the town continues to develop the Gotham district that was thriving and at the same time the immigrant groups should be paid more attention. Curley believed that every person is entitled to social rights. Even if he was charged with fraud himself and jailed, the Bostinanian believed in individuality. He belived that any misuse of public rights should be rectified by law. In the case of Gotham City, the rights of the immigrants were being misuse; therefore they should be given their due rights. Similarly, George Washington Plunkitt (1842-1924) would also have the opinion that people whether poor or rich should be given opportunities to rectify their situation. He believed in dealing with any situation in an honest manner, not through dishonest black mailing etc. He believed every man is an opportunist and he should use such opportunities to better his cause. Whether these opportunities comes in the form of rectification of a city living standards or investing in a project. With Gotham City’s background an opportunist should take up the situation in his own hand to improve the condition of the city. With an infrastructure like Gotham, Plunkitt would have considered the city a good investment. To improve the condition of the city, they would have to improve the living condition of the immigrants further. This way they would build a stronger city and labor force for the meager industrial structure further. On the other hand Woodrow Wilson with his Princeton background would have a different view for reorganization of Gotham City. Wilson gained a Ph.D. and professorhood when he became president of Princeton in 1902. His main concern was to reorganize the curriculum and introduction of preceptorial system of instruction to provide individualized education to the masses.

Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance Essay

The report discusses the many flaws in organized financial markets but concludes that these markets should continue to operate on principles of initiative or creativity and with a reasonable amount of government regulation. While greed may be part of the cause of financial market instability, naivety and delusion contributed as well. Innovation in computer technology coupled with the work of Black and Scholes in options pricing gave rise to the modern derivatives markets. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) Natural selection happens in financial markets where companies are constantly changing to the latest product, i. e. retail banks began to focus on investment banking, and investment banks moved into the arena of hedge funds. The report calls into question the new form of financial market regulation. A major area of focus of the report is what factors lead to the boom and bust market cycles that lead to financial instability. The report describes three concepts, globalization, liberalization, and technological innovation as triggers of market booms, busts, and financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This paper responds to each of these ideas as set forth in the report. Globalization According to the report globalization embraced by emerging markets along with low inflation in developed markets made credit grow more quickly and easily. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) However, as the markets are today, developed countries such as the U. S. and the U. K. are in near to full blown inflationary economies. Most global markets are exposed to the U. S. subprime crisis. (Caruana) However, many emerging markets can limit their exposure to the crisis by managing their levels of greed and fear. Greed is limited when these emerging markets do not invest in the derivative securities created by the subprime markets. Fear is managed when countries utilize resources such as the International Monetary Fund, the IMF, for lending facilities that will serve to shore up a country’s credit needs and support the county’s banking and financial institutions’ lending and business investment activities. Liberalization Liberalization in terms of relaxing or reducing banking and financial industry regulations in countries such as Japan and the U. S. has led to property value booms and bubbles which are followed by a bust cycle and finally financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) It can be argued that greed, particularly in the U. S. , led to a relaxation of banking and financial industry regulation in order to facilitate greater innovation, liquidity, and credit availability in the financial markets. Hedge funds are thought to provide great efficiency, liquidity, and returns in U. S. capital markets. Industry regulation, therefore, should have served to facilitate innovation in the hedge fund industry while protecting it from a financial crisis. (Bartiromo) This, however, was not the case. Widespread fears, both speculative and proven, about decline in assets values caused the federal government to step in with a new level of financial liberalization through bank ownership. Previously regulation was intended to provide a legal framework in which the financial markets could operate. The current level of fear has changed the goal of regulation and extended the methods of regulatory activity to include providing financing and operational assistance or mandate to the financial markets. Innovation New technology industries are thought to create the need for specialized types of financing. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This concept may work in a normally functioning economy. However, one can look at the alternative energy market to see that this concept is not working in the current economy. Industries like energy technology are capital intensive. Newer, more capital intensive industries generally depend on financing from private equities and hedge funds. (Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels) Prior to 2008 fear caused the hedge funds and private equities to invest less in capital intensive industries. More recently as many hedge funds disappeared due to insolvency, this designer type of financing is no longer available to new technology industries. The only existing sources of financing available to energy technology, particularly in the U. S. , is government investment or financing from financial institutions in which the U. S. government has a financing or operational interest. Conclusion – the results of Greed and Fear Greed and fear has led to current regulatory practices in which many governments are now owners of many financial institutions as opposed to simple regulatory agencies. The new trend in globalization will be that central banks in both developing and emerging market countries will manage their countries financial markets and systems in a way that will limit exposure to booms and busts in international markets. Once more governments develop controlling interests in banking and other financial institutions the original liberalization referred to in the report should return and these institutions will be able to re-create innovative financing. Governments will regulate these institutions on two fronts – as shareholders and as policymakers. As owners of banks and financial institutions, governments will also become investors in new technologies such as the clean energy industry. Where hedge funds and private equity firms no longer exist at previous levels, new technology firms will look to government equity as a viable alternative form of financing. Works Cited â€Å"Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels, technology less competitive now, financing more scarce. (FRONT PAGE NEWS). † Investor’s Business Daily (Dec 2, 2008): A01. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. Caruana, Jaime. â€Å"Viewpoint: A Significant Test Of Emerging Markets – Taking A Global Perspective Is Vital To Learn Lessons From Financial Market Turbulence And find The Right Approach To Move Forward In The Future, Says Jaime Caruana. (Viewpoint essay). † The Banker (Nov 1, 2007): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. â€Å"Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance. † The Economist 24 January 2009: 1-15. Bartiromo, Maria. â€Å"Straight Talk from the Fed; New York Federal Reserve President Tim Geithner on housing prices, regulation, and the post-Greenspan era. † Business Week Online (May 4, 2006): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009.

Creating value

When it comes to the housing finance sector in India, one name stands out distinctively: HEAD – a market leader and an innovator. We have consistently revised the benchmarks of housing finance products and services. Being a pioneer and leader in a nascent market has not stopped us from aspiring for challenging goals. The World Bank considers us a model private sector housing finance company in developing countries. We provide consultancy services and technical assistance for ewe and existing institutions.Our executives undertake consultancy assignments related to housing finance and urban development directly or on behalf of international agencies worldwide. We also share our expertise through Training Programmer at our own Training Centre in Loan, India or at the client's location. Delegates from several countries have benefited from participating in these programmer. A senior executive of HEAD was the former President of the International Union for Housing Finance (UHF), whi ch is a non-profit trade association, with members from 60 countries worldwide.The objective of JIFF is to make housing credit affordable and more available around the world. On the domestic front, our executives help formulate national housing policies and strategies. In fact, we have been invited by the Government of India to Join a number of committees and task forces related to housing finance, urban development and capital markets – a task that we are proud to be part of. HEAD Centre for Housing Finance Our training facility, Centre for Housing Finance (CHEF), is located 120 SMS from Iambi, in the tranquil environs of Loan, a hill station, 2,000 feet above sea level.Some of the key features of our Centre are: State-of-the-art technology in the training rooms Syndicate rooms for group work Well-equipped library Residential accommodation that provides comfort and relaxation Dining facilities offering a variety of cuisine Indoor and outdoor recreation facilities Technical A ssistance (TA) The objective of the TA is to offer specific deliverables and support the Client in all aspects relating to mortgage finance operations which include loan origination and recoveries, marketing and distribution strategies, accounting and management information systems, resource manipulation and information technology support. Who would review and advise the Client on products, systems and procedures, including developing new products and designing marketing strategies. These experts would visit the Client and work closely with its officials to understand the external environment in which the Client functions and thereafter make recommendations visa-avis strategies, products, policies, systems and procedures. Our experience makes the difference Training Programmer Our training programmer are specially designed to be a blend of learning and practical experience. We offer a variety of training courses for senior and middlemen management executives and line staff.Some key programmer offered are: Housing Finance Management Loan Origination and Credit Risk Management Managing Customer Service in Financial Organizations Building High Performance Teams Resource Manipulation – Issues in Managing and Marketing Training The Trainers – A Multi Dimensional Workshop We also custom- design programmer based on organizational needs. Training specific Current Programmer Housing Finance Management – 2010 (HEM-2010) November 28 – December 5, 2010 at CHEF, Loan, India. The week long residential programmer on Housing Finance Management encompasses all the prime functions of a specialized Housing Finance Institution. Through specialized modules, the programmer will focus on various housing finance systems and best practices, credit evaluation, emphasis on customer needs, product development, marketing, managing competition and distribution channels, effective internal control systems and mechanisms, resource manipulation and risk management systems.In addition, a field visit to an HEAD office will also give participants a practical perspective of the housing finance business. HEM-2010: Programmer OutlineDay 1 : Sunday, November 28, 2010 w Assembling ; BondingDay 2: Monday, November 29, 2010 w Introduction to the programmer w Overview of Housing Finance Systems w Loan Origination and Assessment of RiskDay 3: Tuesday, November 30, 2010 w Product Development, Marketing and Distribution Channels w Legal and Technical Appraisal w Developer/Builder Relationships and ProductsDay 4: Wednesday, December 01 , 2010 w Loan Accounting Practices – Systems and Controls w Credit Risk Management w Process Development for Efficient Credit Risk ManagementDay 5: Thursday, December 02, 2010 w Day visit to an HEAD officeDay 6: Friday, December 03, 2010 w Corporate Functions – Management Information Systems w Business Strategy and Budgeting w Managing Service Delivery ProcessesDay 7: Saturday, December 04, 2010 w Resource Manip ulation w Risk Management Systems and Development of Secondary Mortgage Markets w Open House SessionDay 8: Sunday, December 05, 2010 w Departure from CHEF, Loan v Subject to change Fees: US $ 3,000* for first participant. US $ 2,750* from second participant onwards accommodation, refreshments during breaks, meals, training costs, course material and to and fro airport transfer. Note: Accommodation will be on a double occupancy basis. For single occupancy** an additional amount of IIS$ 750 plus service tax @ 10. 30% will be charged. ** Subject to availability What our participants said†¦ Feedback from Housing Finance Management Programmer The classroom experience was invaluable in opening up all aspects of Housing Finance Management.I have taken with me many insights that I intend to apply to what I hope will be a long career in Housing Finance. The free flow of ideas from participants representing 1 5 countries and 17 organizations also added immensely to he richness of the pro grammer. Cynthia Kanata, Housing Finance, Kenya (WFM 2007) It was a very wonderful experience at the HEAD Training Centre, where there was an optimal combination of knowledge gaining, sharing of experiences and recreational activities all in the perfect environment. The content of the programmer was so fruitful and have surely added value to our products and services, not forgetting the delicious meals and accommodation.Jackson Alfred Aloha Zinnia Bank Ltd, Tanzania (WFM 2008) I have attended similar programmer where the tuition cost is more than he entire programmer at WFM but in many cases those programmer were a mere rehearsal of academic notes of the Presenter. WFM 2008 was different in content and methodology; it was very practical in every respect and my reality on housing finance has since changed positively. Joseph Alphorns Tutor Jacobean, Loom Togo (WFM 2008) It was a great pleasure to visit India for the first time – an experience I'll never forget. The programmer w as successful. We shared our experience, knowledge and ideas with each other. Mar Beheaded Egypt Housing Finance Company Egypt (WFM 2009) My experience exceeded my expectations.I am really touched by the level of knowledge, passion, commitment and insight of the people at HEAD, and the opportunity to share experience with other participants. Islam Nominal PIED of Bangladesh Ltd. Bangladesh (WFM 2009) The course was an eye opener in terms of mortgage lending. It gave me a broader understanding of the various aspects of housing finance. Interacting and learning from various participants showed me that we all had a similar goal/objective that is providing shelter to everyone. Margaret Musher Zambia National Building Society Zambia (WFM 2009) The training was an experience of a life time. I learnt a lot during my interaction with the experts and participants from different countries. Apart from that the network of friends that I made will be cherished for life time.