Essay Examples on James Monroe Essay Example

Essay Examples on James Monroe Paper 1st Essay Sample on James Monroe Few men were equals in James Monroes sensibility, fortitude, and reverence to the prosperity of the United States. His administration distinguishes itself as one of the few that was successful in nearly every aspect. But perhaps Monroes most valuable attribution to the progression of the American nation was his dominance in regulating foreign affairs: a dominance that has transcended the turbulent times of American history and still remains a firm cornerstone of modern foreign policy. Monroe adamantly believed in not only expanding the U.S. territories, but also in extending the reaches of American foreign relations. Ultimately, Monroe was prosperous in staying true to these beliefs. Ably supported by Adams, he made substantial territorial additions and gave American policy a distinctly national orientation. Monroe welcomed an opportunity to press Spain to cede Florida and define the boundaries of Louisiana. The opportunity arose in the midst of the First Seminole War. Although the atrocities by American troops towards several British citizens residing in Florida temporarily strained relations with Great Britain, Monroes potent military action assured Spain that the U.S. was apt and powerful enough to seize Spanish Florida at any moment. Upon this realization and careful maneuvering by Monroe, Spain ceded Florida to the United States and defined, favorably to American claims, the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase in the Adams-Onis Treaty negotiated in 1819. The Adams-Onis Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the boundaries of the U.S. territory. The agreement also served as one of the defining moments of James Monroes administration. The challenge that faced Monroe was satiating the zealous American will to expand while keeping healthy Spanish relations in tact. But his fastidious conduct of both foreign and domestic policy proved this delicate situation to be of minor concern. 2nd Essay Sample on James Monroe James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county Virginia, on April 28th, 1758.His father was Spence Monroe.He came from a Scottish family, but settled in Virginia in the mid sixteen hundreds.James was the eldest of four boys and one girl. In 1786, Monroe married a seventeen-year-old girl named Elizabeth Kortright on June 30, 1768.Together they had two daughters named Eliza and Maria, and a son but he died at the age of two. James Monroe had a good education.He studied at home with a tutor until he was twelve.Then his father sent him to the school of Parson Archibald Campbell.He had to leave home early in the morning just to reach school on time.Often he would carry a rifle so he could shoot game on his way through the woods.At the age of sixteen, James entered the college of William and Mary.But soon after enrolling, he would leave college, and join the revolutionary war. Monroe began his political career in 1782, when he won a seat in the Virginia assembly.In 1783, he was elected to t he Congress Of The Confederation, where he served three years.In 1786, Monroe started practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.But soon after, he ran for the Virginia assembly again and remained in the assembly for four years.In 1790, Monroe was elected to the United States Senate.He was a democratic republican.In 1794, president George Washington appointed James Monroe, Minister to France.During his talks in France, Monroe criticized Jays treaty between United States and Britain, as The most shameful transaction I have ever known.In 1799, Monroe was elected governor of Virginia. He played an important part in preserving democratic processes. In 1817, James Monroe was elected president of the United States of America.Daniel D. Tompkins was his Vice president.Monroes presidency was known as The era of good feeling. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Monroe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

In defense of voluntary euthanasia Essays

In defense of voluntary euthanasia Essays In defense of voluntary euthanasia Paper In defense of voluntary euthanasia Paper But because of the authors use of pathos, the audience has felt great emotion towards him. In the next part of the article, Hook states how he can understand how his own personal experience could be cited as an argument against stricken patients to be gently eased out of their pain and life. Even though this is the case he goes on to say that he cannot agree with non-support of Euthanasia. Hook states two main reason in his article; As an octogenarian, there is a reasonable likelihood that I may suffer another cardiovascular accident or worse. Basically the author cannot predict his future and would likely return t o the same state or worse that he was previously in. He would like to have the power to end life support and not have to deal with the pain and suffering anymore. This is an example of when the author uses the technique of logos. Another reason he supports euthanasia is because he wouldnt like to put his family and friends through what they recently had to endure with him in the hospital. This view shows how the author is aware of the pain and suffering that his family and friends will have to endure. He would rather end his life, than make others worry about his situation all the time. Again at this point the author seems to use his intellect to sway the audience. There are instances of this when he uses intellectual vocabulary to explain his point. These arguments help the author support his view by giving direct examples of the negative points of not allowing Euthanasia. Later on in the article the author writes how he is mindful of the burdens placed on the community by not allowing euthanasia not being practiced. This point seems to be when the author uses extrinsic points to support his idea on this topic. He does this to show how many valuable resources are used on people on life support. Again this is another use of logos. By the author showing that he is aware of the problems placed on the community, he appears to be intellectual with the community. He believes that a better use could be made of these resources to increase opportunities and qualities for others. This shows how Hook feels that valuable time and money are wasted keeping people alive who are enduring to him unneeded pain. This is another reason why Hook supports Euthanasia. Again this is an important part of the article because it gives explanation to the authors point of view. This is a very interesting point that the author makes because at some point he was one of the people that valuable money and time were spent on to keep alive. Although Hooks article has relevance and states many strengths, I think he oversimplifies the process of Euthanasia. This is a very important flaw in his argument. By doing this I think he overlooks how big of a decision life and death really is. The article by Sidney Hook, concerning Euthanasia is very complicated. Hooks main purpose is to inform society on the dangers of not allowing Euthanasia. He does this by using the rhetorical appeals of ethos, logos and pathos. His views on the subject are quite surprising because of his personal situation. One would think that a person who was saved from ending his life-support, would not be in support of Euthanasia. Surprisingly the author not only supports the idea of Euthanasia but also gives many reasons why he is in support of the idea. Even though the authors opinion is surprising, he does a good job of explaining why he supports his views. His use of extrinsic proofs in the article can be explained to help his argument. Many supporters of Euthanasia consider these personal opinions of the author valid. Because of the authors direct first experience of being on life support, his opinion is very valuable. Also because of his direct experience he is able to use vocabulary that deals directly with the subject. This allows him to have an informative tone throughout the article. Though this topic is very controversial, this article is good for swaying the views of some of its readers.

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering Essay

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering - Essay Example However, one of them needs to be declined to rationalize and imagine the overall reason for his adverse condition. In the most terrible state of life â€Å"Job† meets his friends and his friends suggest that all the suffering in Job’s life are a reaction of his sins that are declining the third belief (3). However, Job declines and suggests that since he has been a good and submissive being of God, therefore, God has been unfair to him; declining the idea of justice from God (2). Thirdly, according to Kushner if he is just and fair God, who is kind and good with his creature maybe he has no control over certain happenstances; thus, proving that God is not all supreme and powerful (1). The above-stated hypothesis was suggested by Harold S. Kushner when a strong religious believer of God like him lost his beloved son of fourteen to an incurable disease (62, Long). He reviewed his views of God after his son’s death and thus, produced a perspective, which supported few of the situations but is not acceptable or pragmatic in general. Instead, his views are perceived as anti-God and disrespectful among all the religious communities of the world. If a poised and blessed person like â€Å"Job† loses his health and wealth including his family and children. Then the poised person should have known that this life on Earth is a test for humans by the God (most powerful). And if one fails to comply with the rules developed/told by God, then he will be clearly a follower of Satan, who himself was ungrateful and proud. Similarly, he should have known that even the most beloved and poised Prophets were tested by the God and he tests the loyalty and faith of his creatures (human) in various ways.  Ã‚  

Russian aggression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Russian aggression - Essay Example In a global perspective, Ukraine is an easy target but it is exactly Ukraine that is a cornerstone which stands at the crossroads of western and eastern interests. These interests with full speed go towards the Cold War 2.0 and rebuilding of USSR. If nothing will be done in some time the Middle East will not be the only region that admires was and lives only for it. The most global, total and incredibly important conflict of recent times concentrated in the eastern Ukraine. It won’t be Yugoslavia, Iraq or Syria because it will be much worse due to the more political subjects in this highly risky game. Being the biggest European country with more than 45 million of citizens Ukraine will try to stand back but without help in some time, the Baltic States and even Scandinavian countries will feel the pressure. Annexation of Crimea shows that Russia will do anything while American and European promises and guarantees on the matter of Ukrainian independence and immunity of its borde rs from invasion don’t value much. Something must be done and done quickly. NATO started strategic and tactical of unheard scale. They are the biggest beginning from the last decade of the 20th century. Ukraine still has most of the gas transit checkpoints without which Europe will be left without gas. Ukrainian citizens won’t forget the cost with which they bought their choice of better life according to the European standards. Ukraine knows its value though its politics is still highly imperfect the key for the conflict’s probably the best solution is one united front.

Legal Personality and Limited Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Personality and Limited Liability - Essay Example The law is prepared sometimes to examine the company faade and this process is described as piercing or lifting the corporate veil. The fact that a company is a unit that is thought as legal and free from its owners can sometimes produce undesirable results. For instance, shareholders can obtain funds illegally and then be regarded as not liable to repay or in a case where the directors are liable of fraudulent activities. The courts have been forced to intervene in some circumstances and disregard the doctrine of limited liability and corporate personality especially the case of group companies and their subsidiaries where the entity form is being manipulated as a tool to commit fraud. The case of Salomon Vs Salomon & Co. Ltd in 1987 established the irrevocability position in common law of legal personality and limited liability of companies (Butterworth, 1960, p.6). Some of the circumstances that lead to court intervention include the following: trading with an enemy, the case for sham companies, failure to comply with the legislation laws, fraudulent and wrongful trading, disqualified director's actions and statutory power abuse. For instance if a company is a sham one i.e. formed to enable one avoid obligations such as tax, the court may act to ignore the company's existence. In case the court discovers that a fraud is committed, it is prep... The fraud will notably be a case where a company owner used the company intentionally to deny his creditors their legal rights. It discourages Solomon principle to act as a vehicle of fraud. The exemption which illustrates fraud are found in Gilford Motor Ltd Vs Jones Lipman. In this case, Mr. Horne who was as ex -employee of the company incorporated another limited company in his spouse's name. In so doing, he solicited the clients of Gilford Motor ltd as his employment contract held it clear that he cannot solicit customers of the organization. The court held that the company's idea behind its formation was to commit fraud and to mask Mr. Hornes' effective continuation of the business. The court held that it was a sham to mask his wrongdoings as it was very clear that the objective of incorporating that company was to commit fraud. The court at it discretion may impose liability on people liable for carrying out the business with an intention of defrauding the creditors at the wind ing up of the business. The directors are also liable if they sign a cherub or a bill of exchange on company's behalf and fail to include the company's name, omits a word or writes it incomplete (Oliver, 1971, p.66). Common law provides for separate legal entity of a company and the court disregarded this legal personality and instead has investigated the shareholders personal quality or those who usually controls the company. The reason behind this is because it is the public interest to make sure that the company is not run by an undesirable person and that it is not under any criminal element. Trading with an enemy especially during the time of war is another instance that leads to lifting of the veil of incorporation. In Daimler Company

Costing and Budgeting Case Study

Costing and Budgeting Case Study Accounting is a key success of a business, but the word accounting is more sophisticated. Almost every business, before dealing any project or any other important function, should design an appropriate budget. To make the budget first we should think about the cost because the cost of the production is always variable. A well-planned budget will bring success for a project. In my academic case study, I have to make a budget for Rayners plc. Company, which is a renowned company in the UK. Cost classification: P1 In the managerial accounting the word cost is using various ways. The main reason is that there are many types of costs, and these costs are classified differently according to the certain management process. For example, managers may want cost data to prepare external financial reports, to prepare planning budgets, or to make decisions. There are some relevant costing methods according to the task: Direct/Indirect cost: Direct cost is a cost where everything counting easily and conveniently traced to the particular cost object. But it is not incurred due to the product or activity countless. On the other hand indirect cost is fully reverse of the direct cost where counting process is more sophisticated and inconvenience and it incurred even productivity or activity change. Prime cost: The cost normally counting for labour and material to make product. This cost depend on ability and capacity of the labour that how much performed they are to make production and which way is the best way to use material. Fixed cost: A cost which is not only related to production is called fixed costs. In other words, it is a cost that remains constant even with variations circumstances and situations. VARIABLE COST: Variable costistotally opposite word of fixed cost. When a cost which is varies exactly in proportion to the change in activity (production or sale) would be term as variable cost. This is sometime called engineering cost or a formula cost and can be calculated in advance. Full Absorption cost: A managerialaccounting cost method of expensing all costs associated with manufacturing a particular product. Absorption costinguses the total direct costs and overhead costs associated with manufacturing a product as the cost base. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require absorption costing for external reporting. Costing methods: (P2) According to the marginal cost, another name of fixed cost is period cost that means one need to deduct the total cost from contributions where under absorption costing, fixed cost is part of unit cost/production cost. Therefore deduct the total FC from contributions. Fixed cost does not change at any level of activity. F.O.A.R = Budget O/H Budget Activity (Note that if budget is equal to Actual production, then the absorption will be same). Now, if we will analyse the information and data as a case study of Rayners plc. Year 1 Marginal Costing method: 108,000 Sales: 90,000 X 12 Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add productions (100,000 X 5) 500,000 500,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X5) 50000 450,000 Contribution 630,000 Less Total FC: Production (270,000) Admin Costing (20,000) Net Profit 340,000 Year1Absorption costing method:  £  £ 108,000 Sales (90,000X12) Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add production (100,000X5) 800,000 800,000 Less closing Inventory (10000X8) (80,000) Cost of production (720,000) Gross profit 360,000 Over absorbed (10,000X3) 30,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 370,000 Reconciliation statements:  £  £ Absorption profit 370,000 Les increase in Inventory (Closing inventory opening inventory) Multiply by F.O.A.R (10,000 0) X 3 (30,000) Marginal profit 340,000 Year2 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (110,000X 12) 132,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Add production (110,000X5) 550,000 600,000 Less Closing Inventory (10000X5) (50,000) 550,000 Contribution 770,000 Less total FC: Production (270,000) Admin (20,000) Net Profit 480,000 Year 2 Absorption costing statement:  £  £ Sales 132,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10000X8) 80,000 Add production (110,000X5) 800,000 900,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X8) 80,000 (880,000) 440,000 Over absorption (20,000X3) 60,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 480,000 Year 3 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (750,000X12) 1140,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Production (90,000X5) 450,000 500,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 25,000 (475,000) Contribution 665,000 Less total fixed cost: Production (270,000) Less total fixed cost: Admin 120,000 Net Profit 375,000 Year 3 Absorption costing statement:  £ Sales 140,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X8) 80000 Add production (90,000X8) 720,000 800,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 40,000 (760,000) Gross Profit 380,000 Less Admin (20,000) Net profit 360,000 Reconciliation Statement: Absorption profit 360,000 Add decrease in inventory (5000-10000) X 3 15,000 Marginal profit 375,000 Unit cost: (P3) According to the data of the Rayners plc and using the marginal costing method the unit cost is: Direct material 2 Direct labour1 Prime Cost 3 VC/Unit 2 Marginal cost 5 So according to the marginal cost the value of each unit will be  £5. F.O.A.A (unit) 3 Absorption cost 8 Full cost/Total cost 8 F O A R Budgeted F/C Budgeted Of Level Activity= X/90000 = £3 X= £270000 (Budgeted Of Overhead Collect analyse and present data using appropriate techniques. (P4) In the management accounting there are different ways to collect data for the business. The basic role is the participants a taste of the various tools and techniques available for collecting monitoring and evaluation data. Participants focus on what makes a good questionnaire and discuss tips on how to conduct interviews and focus groups. Participants also have the opportunity to explore more visual, participatory tools so that they can choose which methods are most appropriate for collecting information from their particular stakeholders. Moreover, the source of information that means the entire item for particular enquiry. E.g. invoices, customers and to show these customers feedback those are will be taken into consideration for further used of data collected. Another important technique to analyse and collect data is various sampling such as: Random sampling: This is the purest form of probability sampling. Because due to the large group of population it is really difficult and not possible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic sampling: It is often used as a random sampling. Another name of the sampling is selection technique. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Convenience sampling: It is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient. Judgment sampling: One common non probability method isJudgment sampling. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. Quota sample: This is a sample method where items, usually people, are selected in a given quantities and according to pre-defined characteristics. These different methods are used for different purpose where user must identify a sampling method in order to review the presentation at the intention. These methods can also be used in a wide range of area and activity where there is lots of member with different types of users. Routine cost report: (P5) The report generally include the financial performance for the end of the year .E.g. Profit, Debit, share, price and dividends. It will also advice about transfers to reserves, assets that have been acquired or disposed of the names and shareholding of directors active in the last year, and other business activates that will be interested to stakeholders. Even, sometimes the report also cover the business polices on employment, training, welfare, creditor, creditor payment and corporate responsibility as well. There are some different ways to finding cost report: Monitoring Cost: Cost monitoring means supervising the economic progress in the management system in the business. This is the main reason of cost or expense monitoring is collecting information to check performance against an expectation. Controlling: Cost controlling is process where the common goal of the management is improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Planning: It is called a plan make supreme success. In term of business it is invincible part to make appropriate costing plan.It comprises iterative quantification and costing, derived from benchmarking and market exploration exercises, and is aimed at establishing a realistic and acceptable cost limit. This information is critical for obtaining project financing and for determining whether a project can be profitable or not. Without cost planning, property owners would enter blindly into construction projects and possibly into insolvency. Evaluation: Evaluating the cost of the overall business management is really sophisticated task. According to the business activity there are three types of evaluation specification: Background: Background means description, context, scope and objective of the business. The Selection Process: Analyse briefly the selection process, starting with the advertising the establishment of the shortlist, expressions of interest, and withdrawals of firms before proposal submissions. Technical evaluation: Describe briefly the meetings and actions taken by the evaluation committee formation of a technical evaluation team, outside assistance, evaluation guidelines, justification of sub criteria and associated weightings as indicated in the Standard Request for Proposals; relevant correspondence and compliance. Profitability Ratio: (p6) 1)Gross profit margin =gross profit/sale*100 = xf 2)Net profit margin = PBIT/sales*100 = xf 3) Retained on capital employed = PBIT/capital employed*100 = xf 4) Assets= sales/capital employed = x times Efficiency ratio: Lido ltd New ltd. Assets = 640/350+75 Assets=1600/1600+20 =1.5 times =.987 Productivity Unit produce for employees 20000/34 =588 unit 5000/78=64.1 Operating profit margin 128/640*100=20 256/1600*100 =16 Cost productivity Operating profit per employee 128/34 =3.77 256/78=3.28 Principles of quality: (P7) The basic principle of Total quality management is that costs of prevention are less than the costs of correction. There are various types of roles are involved in term of quality: Assurance: Quality assurance focuses on preventing faulty occurring, instead of fixing them afterwards (which is the quality control approach). Describe everything to find out the causes of defects are identified and ways to fix the system to make sure the problem doesnt happen again are agreed. Reliability: The most important and valuable principles of quality are consistency and reliability. Each link in the quality chain must deliver to the next link on time, in the quantity ordered, to the right specification and at the agreed price, time after time after time. Customer-driven: customer driven quality means many things to many people, in the end it is the customers opinion that counts. In these cases the customers quality ideals must be met every step of the way from the farm to the marketplace. Continuous Improvement: This is an essential part of any good quality system. The market environment for popular product is always changing and highly competitive, so the popular programme must constantly evolve to ensure the industry stays ahead of the completion. Principles of value: Implementing the Principle of Value requires leadership and management with particular, conscious focus and intent.It is always to develop and sustain durable, value-driven, win-win relationships. Everything can be evaluating by relative activity such as Products for payment Salary for performance Investment for profits. Everywhere we look, we see win-win relationships as the core of durable success. If we lose those relationships, we eventually lose everything. Another important principle is core value which is completely design by roles of fairy, ethos, human morality, dignity, and customer service. If an organization does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely profit-centric. This behaviour inevitably leads to a short-term focus and potentially illegal practices that provide the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to build business value by making the right decisions; and, decisio ns about core values are essential. Purpose and nature of Budget: (P8) Budgeting is a basic and essential process in a business which allows businesses to gain many goals in one course of action.The budgeting process may be carried out by individuals or by companies to estimate whether the person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. There are several purposes to create and implement a budget include control and evaluation, planning, communication, and motivation. Control and Evaluation This is most important matter after finalized a budget is providing sufficient control and evaluating its performance.If performance does not meet the budget, action can be taken immediately to adjust activities. Budgeting allows a company to have a certain range of control over costs, such as reducing many types of unnecessary expenses or assigning responsibility for these expenses. A budget also gives a company a benchmark by which to evaluate business units, departments, and even individual managers. Unfortunately this purpose of budgeting may be effect on employees to have negative thinking about the budgeting process because their compensation and, in certain situation, even their jobs may be operating on meeting certain budgeting target. Planning Planning is initial purpose of budgeting. It is also design by decisions, and many questions must be answered. Besides that, budgeting allows a business to take stock of revenue and expenses from the previous period, and judge where the business will be in future periods. It also allows the organization to add and remove products and services from its plan for the future period. Communication and Motivation: Other goals that an organization may use its budget to achieve that are less obvious include communication and motivation. It is important that make correlation according to the chain of command like from management level to supervisor level, this is only to gain mentally satisfaction of the staff. When an employee is involved in creating his or her departments budget, that person will be more likely to strive to achieve that budget. Budgets also allow a company to motivate its employees by involving them in the budget. Budgeting method: (p9) A budget is an individual and written estimate of how an organization or a particular project, or business unit willperform financially. If we can accurately predict our companys performance than we will be certain that resources such as money, people, equipment, manufacturing plants, and the like are deployed appropriately. There is various kind of budgeting are available for a business such as: Cash budget: An important estimate of a companys cash position for a particular period of time. . Labor budget: The total cost for labor to be expended for a set period of time calculated by taking every persons position in an organization, department, or project and multiplying the number of hours they are expected to work by their wage rates. Sales budget: An estimate of the quantity of goods and services that will be sold during a specific period of time. Production budget: A forecast thatstarts with the sales budgets estimates of the total number of units projected to be sold, then translates this information into estimates of the cost of labor, material, and other expenses required to produce them. Expense budget: An estimate prepared for travel, utilities, office supplies, telephone, and many other common business expenses for a given period. Incremental Budget: These types of budget are normally starts with previous periods budget or actual results and add an incremental amount to cover for inflation and other known changes. Advantages of incremental budgeting The budget is stable and change is gradual. Managers can operate their departments on a consistent basis. The system is relatively simple to operate and easy to understand. The impact of change can be seen quickly. Disadvantages of incremental budgeting Assumes activities and methods of working will continue in the same way. No incentive for developing new ideas. No incentives to reduce costs. Encourages spending up to the budget so that the budget is maintained next year. The budget may become out of date and no longer relate to the level of activity or type of work being carried out. Zero-based budget: This is a traditional technique of planning and decision-making which reverses the working process. By contrast with incremental budgeting, in zero-based budgeting, every department function is reviewed comprehensively and all expenditures must be approved, rather than only increases. Advantages Drives managers to find cost effective ways to improve operations. Detects inflated budgets. Useful for service departments where the output is difficult to identify. Increases communication and coordination within the organization. Identifies and eliminates wasteful and obsolete operations. Identifies opportunities for outsourcing. It responds to changes in the business environment. Disadvantages It emphasize short-term benefits to the detriment of long term goals The budgeting process may become too rigid and the organisation may not be able to react to unforeseen opportunities or threats Difficult to define decision units and decision packages, as it is time-consuming and exhaustive. Forced to justify every detail related to expenditure. The RD department is threatened whereas the production department benefits. According to the previous discussion it is clear that Zero-based budgeting is must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. But every organisation should provide Necessary training to manager. According to the case study there are four types of budgets will be explaining.

history :: essays research papers

At the time that Gotham City was situated, the political condition of the country was undergoing major transition. There was great need for politicians to take up opportunities created by the masses as a leverage for their own cause. Gotham City with its infrastructure would have been an ideal situation for any political figure to take up and use it for his own advantage. Michael Curley, who has been a democratic candidate himself, was keen on individuality. He had been nominated for Boston’s mayor several times but he had not been able to achieve significant success with Congress due his criminal background. Curley would have suggested that the town continues to develop the Gotham district that was thriving and at the same time the immigrant groups should be paid more attention. Curley believed that every person is entitled to social rights. Even if he was charged with fraud himself and jailed, the Bostinanian believed in individuality. He belived that any misuse of public rights should be rectified by law. In the case of Gotham City, the rights of the immigrants were being misuse; therefore they should be given their due rights. Similarly, George Washington Plunkitt (1842-1924) would also have the opinion that people whether poor or rich should be given opportunities to rectify their situation. He believed in dealing with any situation in an honest manner, not through dishonest black mailing etc. He believed every man is an opportunist and he should use such opportunities to better his cause. Whether these opportunities comes in the form of rectification of a city living standards or investing in a project. With Gotham City’s background an opportunist should take up the situation in his own hand to improve the condition of the city. With an infrastructure like Gotham, Plunkitt would have considered the city a good investment. To improve the condition of the city, they would have to improve the living condition of the immigrants further. This way they would build a stronger city and labor force for the meager industrial structure further. On the other hand Woodrow Wilson with his Princeton background would have a different view for reorganization of Gotham City. Wilson gained a Ph.D. and professorhood when he became president of Princeton in 1902. His main concern was to reorganize the curriculum and introduction of preceptorial system of instruction to provide individualized education to the masses.

Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance Essay

The report discusses the many flaws in organized financial markets but concludes that these markets should continue to operate on principles of initiative or creativity and with a reasonable amount of government regulation. While greed may be part of the cause of financial market instability, naivety and delusion contributed as well. Innovation in computer technology coupled with the work of Black and Scholes in options pricing gave rise to the modern derivatives markets. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) Natural selection happens in financial markets where companies are constantly changing to the latest product, i. e. retail banks began to focus on investment banking, and investment banks moved into the arena of hedge funds. The report calls into question the new form of financial market regulation. A major area of focus of the report is what factors lead to the boom and bust market cycles that lead to financial instability. The report describes three concepts, globalization, liberalization, and technological innovation as triggers of market booms, busts, and financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This paper responds to each of these ideas as set forth in the report. Globalization According to the report globalization embraced by emerging markets along with low inflation in developed markets made credit grow more quickly and easily. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) However, as the markets are today, developed countries such as the U. S. and the U. K. are in near to full blown inflationary economies. Most global markets are exposed to the U. S. subprime crisis. (Caruana) However, many emerging markets can limit their exposure to the crisis by managing their levels of greed and fear. Greed is limited when these emerging markets do not invest in the derivative securities created by the subprime markets. Fear is managed when countries utilize resources such as the International Monetary Fund, the IMF, for lending facilities that will serve to shore up a country’s credit needs and support the county’s banking and financial institutions’ lending and business investment activities. Liberalization Liberalization in terms of relaxing or reducing banking and financial industry regulations in countries such as Japan and the U. S. has led to property value booms and bubbles which are followed by a bust cycle and finally financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) It can be argued that greed, particularly in the U. S. , led to a relaxation of banking and financial industry regulation in order to facilitate greater innovation, liquidity, and credit availability in the financial markets. Hedge funds are thought to provide great efficiency, liquidity, and returns in U. S. capital markets. Industry regulation, therefore, should have served to facilitate innovation in the hedge fund industry while protecting it from a financial crisis. (Bartiromo) This, however, was not the case. Widespread fears, both speculative and proven, about decline in assets values caused the federal government to step in with a new level of financial liberalization through bank ownership. Previously regulation was intended to provide a legal framework in which the financial markets could operate. The current level of fear has changed the goal of regulation and extended the methods of regulatory activity to include providing financing and operational assistance or mandate to the financial markets. Innovation New technology industries are thought to create the need for specialized types of financing. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This concept may work in a normally functioning economy. However, one can look at the alternative energy market to see that this concept is not working in the current economy. Industries like energy technology are capital intensive. Newer, more capital intensive industries generally depend on financing from private equities and hedge funds. (Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels) Prior to 2008 fear caused the hedge funds and private equities to invest less in capital intensive industries. More recently as many hedge funds disappeared due to insolvency, this designer type of financing is no longer available to new technology industries. The only existing sources of financing available to energy technology, particularly in the U. S. , is government investment or financing from financial institutions in which the U. S. government has a financing or operational interest. Conclusion – the results of Greed and Fear Greed and fear has led to current regulatory practices in which many governments are now owners of many financial institutions as opposed to simple regulatory agencies. The new trend in globalization will be that central banks in both developing and emerging market countries will manage their countries financial markets and systems in a way that will limit exposure to booms and busts in international markets. Once more governments develop controlling interests in banking and other financial institutions the original liberalization referred to in the report should return and these institutions will be able to re-create innovative financing. Governments will regulate these institutions on two fronts – as shareholders and as policymakers. As owners of banks and financial institutions, governments will also become investors in new technologies such as the clean energy industry. Where hedge funds and private equity firms no longer exist at previous levels, new technology firms will look to government equity as a viable alternative form of financing. Works Cited â€Å"Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels, technology less competitive now, financing more scarce. (FRONT PAGE NEWS). † Investor’s Business Daily (Dec 2, 2008): A01. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. Caruana, Jaime. â€Å"Viewpoint: A Significant Test Of Emerging Markets – Taking A Global Perspective Is Vital To Learn Lessons From Financial Market Turbulence And find The Right Approach To Move Forward In The Future, Says Jaime Caruana. (Viewpoint essay). † The Banker (Nov 1, 2007): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. â€Å"Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance. † The Economist 24 January 2009: 1-15. Bartiromo, Maria. â€Å"Straight Talk from the Fed; New York Federal Reserve President Tim Geithner on housing prices, regulation, and the post-Greenspan era. † Business Week Online (May 4, 2006): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009.

Creating value

When it comes to the housing finance sector in India, one name stands out distinctively: HEAD – a market leader and an innovator. We have consistently revised the benchmarks of housing finance products and services. Being a pioneer and leader in a nascent market has not stopped us from aspiring for challenging goals. The World Bank considers us a model private sector housing finance company in developing countries. We provide consultancy services and technical assistance for ewe and existing institutions.Our executives undertake consultancy assignments related to housing finance and urban development directly or on behalf of international agencies worldwide. We also share our expertise through Training Programmer at our own Training Centre in Loan, India or at the client's location. Delegates from several countries have benefited from participating in these programmer. A senior executive of HEAD was the former President of the International Union for Housing Finance (UHF), whi ch is a non-profit trade association, with members from 60 countries worldwide.The objective of JIFF is to make housing credit affordable and more available around the world. On the domestic front, our executives help formulate national housing policies and strategies. In fact, we have been invited by the Government of India to Join a number of committees and task forces related to housing finance, urban development and capital markets – a task that we are proud to be part of. HEAD Centre for Housing Finance Our training facility, Centre for Housing Finance (CHEF), is located 120 SMS from Iambi, in the tranquil environs of Loan, a hill station, 2,000 feet above sea level.Some of the key features of our Centre are: State-of-the-art technology in the training rooms Syndicate rooms for group work Well-equipped library Residential accommodation that provides comfort and relaxation Dining facilities offering a variety of cuisine Indoor and outdoor recreation facilities Technical A ssistance (TA) The objective of the TA is to offer specific deliverables and support the Client in all aspects relating to mortgage finance operations which include loan origination and recoveries, marketing and distribution strategies, accounting and management information systems, resource manipulation and information technology support. Who would review and advise the Client on products, systems and procedures, including developing new products and designing marketing strategies. These experts would visit the Client and work closely with its officials to understand the external environment in which the Client functions and thereafter make recommendations visa-avis strategies, products, policies, systems and procedures. Our experience makes the difference Training Programmer Our training programmer are specially designed to be a blend of learning and practical experience. We offer a variety of training courses for senior and middlemen management executives and line staff.Some key programmer offered are: Housing Finance Management Loan Origination and Credit Risk Management Managing Customer Service in Financial Organizations Building High Performance Teams Resource Manipulation – Issues in Managing and Marketing Training The Trainers – A Multi Dimensional Workshop We also custom- design programmer based on organizational needs. Training specific Current Programmer Housing Finance Management – 2010 (HEM-2010) November 28 – December 5, 2010 at CHEF, Loan, India. The week long residential programmer on Housing Finance Management encompasses all the prime functions of a specialized Housing Finance Institution. Through specialized modules, the programmer will focus on various housing finance systems and best practices, credit evaluation, emphasis on customer needs, product development, marketing, managing competition and distribution channels, effective internal control systems and mechanisms, resource manipulation and risk management systems.In addition, a field visit to an HEAD office will also give participants a practical perspective of the housing finance business. HEM-2010: Programmer OutlineDay 1 : Sunday, November 28, 2010 w Assembling ; BondingDay 2: Monday, November 29, 2010 w Introduction to the programmer w Overview of Housing Finance Systems w Loan Origination and Assessment of RiskDay 3: Tuesday, November 30, 2010 w Product Development, Marketing and Distribution Channels w Legal and Technical Appraisal w Developer/Builder Relationships and ProductsDay 4: Wednesday, December 01 , 2010 w Loan Accounting Practices – Systems and Controls w Credit Risk Management w Process Development for Efficient Credit Risk ManagementDay 5: Thursday, December 02, 2010 w Day visit to an HEAD officeDay 6: Friday, December 03, 2010 w Corporate Functions – Management Information Systems w Business Strategy and Budgeting w Managing Service Delivery ProcessesDay 7: Saturday, December 04, 2010 w Resource Manip ulation w Risk Management Systems and Development of Secondary Mortgage Markets w Open House SessionDay 8: Sunday, December 05, 2010 w Departure from CHEF, Loan v Subject to change Fees: US $ 3,000* for first participant. US $ 2,750* from second participant onwards accommodation, refreshments during breaks, meals, training costs, course material and to and fro airport transfer. Note: Accommodation will be on a double occupancy basis. For single occupancy** an additional amount of IIS$ 750 plus service tax @ 10. 30% will be charged. ** Subject to availability What our participants said†¦ Feedback from Housing Finance Management Programmer The classroom experience was invaluable in opening up all aspects of Housing Finance Management.I have taken with me many insights that I intend to apply to what I hope will be a long career in Housing Finance. The free flow of ideas from participants representing 1 5 countries and 17 organizations also added immensely to he richness of the pro grammer. Cynthia Kanata, Housing Finance, Kenya (WFM 2007) It was a very wonderful experience at the HEAD Training Centre, where there was an optimal combination of knowledge gaining, sharing of experiences and recreational activities all in the perfect environment. The content of the programmer was so fruitful and have surely added value to our products and services, not forgetting the delicious meals and accommodation.Jackson Alfred Aloha Zinnia Bank Ltd, Tanzania (WFM 2008) I have attended similar programmer where the tuition cost is more than he entire programmer at WFM but in many cases those programmer were a mere rehearsal of academic notes of the Presenter. WFM 2008 was different in content and methodology; it was very practical in every respect and my reality on housing finance has since changed positively. Joseph Alphorns Tutor Jacobean, Loom Togo (WFM 2008) It was a great pleasure to visit India for the first time – an experience I'll never forget. The programmer w as successful. We shared our experience, knowledge and ideas with each other. Mar Beheaded Egypt Housing Finance Company Egypt (WFM 2009) My experience exceeded my expectations.I am really touched by the level of knowledge, passion, commitment and insight of the people at HEAD, and the opportunity to share experience with other participants. Islam Nominal PIED of Bangladesh Ltd. Bangladesh (WFM 2009) The course was an eye opener in terms of mortgage lending. It gave me a broader understanding of the various aspects of housing finance. Interacting and learning from various participants showed me that we all had a similar goal/objective that is providing shelter to everyone. Margaret Musher Zambia National Building Society Zambia (WFM 2009) The training was an experience of a life time. I learnt a lot during my interaction with the experts and participants from different countries. Apart from that the network of friends that I made will be cherished for life time.

The Geography of Cocaine

The Geography of Cocaine Free Online Research Papers Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid produced from the leaves of the coca plant. It stimulates the central nervous system and suppresses appetite, creating an euphoric sense of happiness. It can also be used to increase energy, and post production. We need not confuse the coca leaf with the actual chemically altered substance that is cocaine, for they are two separate entities. This essay will focus on the history of the coca leaf, throughout South America, as well as the transformation from the leave to the actual drug. We will also be looking at the production and markets of the drug, focusing on the target consumers and the effects the drug has. Historians believe the first consumption of coca leafs dates back to 6000 BC by the Aymara Indians in the Andes mountains, significant in the social and religious organizations of the region’s pre-Columbian civilizations (Laserna, 1995; Erickson 1994) The Incas had adapted their myths and religion to conform to the plant. The leaf itself was said to be part of their daily diet in order to suppress their hunger and relieve their altitude sickness. Chewing of the coca leaves was at first reserved for Inca royalty, used for social, mystical, medicinal and religious purposes. Its use then expanded to the general public. They believed the plant had sacred origins and would therefore use it for various rituals and celebrations. The South American natives used coca for religious and medicinal purposes. It was also believed that chewing the leaf promoted contact with the spirit world and had healing powers. During the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the traveler Pedro Cieza de Leon wrote in his memoir â€Å"The Indians carry the Coca in their mouths, from morning until they lie down to sleep; they never take it out. When I asked some of these Indians why they carried these leaves in their mouths, which they do not eat, but merely hold between their teeth, they replied that it prevents them from feeling hungry, and gives them great vigor and strength (in Mortimer,1901). The Spanish originally restricted the use of coca but later gave in when they discovered it stimulated and sustained laborers. The cultivation and consumption of coca under the Spanish rule became so popular that the leaf itself was often used in the place of money. It was the most commercialized Indian product in the colonial Andean world, even used as capital in Spanish commercial exchanges. The coca leaf was chewed in a specific manner and an invitation to do so was considered of the highest honor among a socie ty. Laborers would chew the plant to stimulate them and give them energy to continue working. The cultivation of the coca leaf and cocaine was mostly concentrated in Bolivia’s Yungas region, under the Incas. Laserna argues that 90% of rural Bolivians use coco regularly one way or another. Other countries exploiting the coca included Columbia and Peru. There has also been commercially cultivated cocaine in such places as Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Malaysia and Japan. For these countries cocaine cultivation remains a major source of income creating many jobs in the various stages of the creation process. Although the use and sale of this drug is prohibited and illegal, it remains a major substance in the United States. Cocaine HCI is odorless and classifies as a central nervous system stimulant. One of the central reasons why the cultivation of the coca leaf is so appealing in terms of job characteristics is as follows. Coca can reach maturity within two years of planting, which is faster than most other crops. It has a relatively long productive lifespan and requires less attention and investment than other crops once it has been planted. Also, once harvested and dried, leaves spoil slowly and are not prone to damage during transport. Coca can also provide up to 6 harvests a year in a region where most crops give 1. It also has access to a guaranteed local market, providing year round income and insurance against unusual weather-related or other disasters. The plant is highly adaptable to many climates and conditions and can be grown in bad or depleted soils. It can expand the agricultural frontier into land not otherwise suitable for farming and in exhausted soil. A chemist named Albert Niemann first extracted pure cocaine from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush in the mid-19th century. In the early 20th century it became the main pick-me-up drug used in tonics to treat a wide variety of sicknesses. Its popularity grew as an ingredient in patent medicines and other family products such as the ever hip Coca-Cola. The use of cocaine was however later removed from the beverage and only the coca leaves were used. However this craze soon grew into instances of addiction, psychotic episodes, seizures, and even death. There were several steps taken to fight the problems associate with the use of cocaine Today, cocaine is a Schedule II drug, and comes in two basic forms such as powdered and freebase. The powdered form dissolves in water and it a hydrochloride salt where as freebase means it has not been neutralized by an acid and therefore not made into hydrochloride salt. The freebase form can also be smoked. Highly addictive, it can cause severe mental and physical problems and even death. The central ways of using cocaine are either by inhaling, snorting, injecting or smoking. It is said that the substance develops faster when smoked. Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that interferes with the re-absorption of dopamine, a chemical messenger associated with pleasure and movement. Such physical effects include dilated pupils, increased temperature and heart rate and also blood pleasure. The high from snorting can last up to 30 minutes, while that from smoking can last up to 10 minutes. Each user will react differently to the drug but the end results will always end in dependency and addiction and possible death. Research Papers on The Geography of CocaineAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of India

Marketing of Guest Activities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing of Guest Activities - Assignment Example Guest-centric thinking is vital in marketing guest activities pertaining to a given resort. The process of marketing guest activities at the resort is one of the easiest and fun (Bowie et al.). The only requirement before undertaking this process is ensuring that there are like many of the state-of-the-art facilities at the resort as possible. The technological and scientific advances in the contemporary world has made marketing easier; where, by frequently advertising the products and services available at a given resort, one is likely to attain the targeted consumer response. Bowie et al. assert that ensuring that the guests spend most of their time at the resort would require that, as many services are made available within the environs or vicinity of the resort. Shops, parks, pools, personal amenities within rooms, laundry services, food, and beverage services, et cetera are some of the services that should be tailored to fit within the resorts. It would ensure that the guests do not need to move from place to place looking for such services, thereby spending most of t heir time within the resorts and in the process getting to spend more. External marketing would also be of importance as it would aid in attracting more clients into the resort. Coming up with the best techniques by which, to attain full marketing would be of significance. Identifying the target market and maximally utilizing the information would aid in attracting as many of the potential clients as possible. Advertising the unique and contemporary products and services would help in attracting a major client base. The use of major media outlets with consideration of the resorts capacity to utilize the same and other technological avenues would prove impactful. Using media outlets with a major client base for instance channels like Disney, would be of significance in attracting the required number of

Compare and contrast Karl Marx's and Max Weber's ideas about Essay

Compare and contrast Karl Marx's and Max Weber's ideas about capitalism. Which points does Weber against to Marx - Essay Example Class divisions persevere as a vital structural characteristic of modern human culture, influencing an individual’s life chances. The study of capitalism by both Marx and Weber related directly to its affect on society. Their works have been viewed by many as the basis by which the structure of society within a capitalist system is best comprehended and have become the subject of much sociological debate. Marxism theorizes that as capitalism persists, it exacerbates the misery level for working class individuals. The level of working class misery is termed only in relation to the distance between them and the capitalist classes and not meant to imply all persons of labour are necessarily unhappy. â€Å"†¦ although the enjoyments of the worker have risen, the social satisfaction that they give has fallen in comparison with the increased enjoyments of the capitalist. Our desires and pleasures spring from society; we measure them, therefore, by society and not by the objects which serve for their satisfaction† (Marx & Engels, 1968). The central concepts of Marxist economics include the theory of labour value, the disposition of production and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions and the consequences of economic alienation. Marx’s theories of labour value combined with his concepts of capitalism endeavour to clarify how the revenue system operates to the benefit of the upper classes and the detriment of the lower classes. Marx defines wealth as something produced by labour from resources originating in the natural world. In terms of capitalism, wealth becomes a vast accrual of possessions. Commodities are articles of wealth created solely as a means to exchange other objects so as to enhance wealth. The instruments of production such as factories,