Comparison Of Kuhn And Popper s Understanding Of Science

In this section we will compare and contrast Kuhn’s understanding of science with Popper’s understanding of science. These two methods are narrower when it comes to levels of scrutiny. They are also more open and willing to embrace change because they seek to change the status quo which is traditional science. Both scientists agree that the traditional method of science is too broad and ignores many different variables that could change the outcome of the results. They also concur on the idea that a subjective approach to science and reason is more suitable to reach a correct answer rather than shooting wildly in all directions and accepting the bullet that is closest to our target. Kuhn and Popper looked at traditional science as a method based on assumptions and estimates rather than exact truths or data. They do differ however in some ways. Kuhn does not believe that falsifying theories is necessary to ascertain the truth like Popper does. He simply believes that soc iety is rapidly changing and therefore the methods of science must change also. Popper does not necessarily concern himself with sociological opinions or status quos. He focuses more on the procedures of traditional methods and works to disprove theories. Karl Popper was an Austrian-British philosopher as well as a professor of science. He grew up in a wealthy family and surrounded himself with education and knowledge. He attended various lectures and soon found himself accepting the socialist ideas of KarlShow MoreRelatedEssay on Theory Of Knowledge1523 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Of Knowledge In today’s society, science is regarded as being the most trusted form of knowledge, leading to many claiming it to be the supreme form of knowledge. To investigate whether or not this is justified we must compare science to other forms/areas of knowledge and consider what they each contribute. The strongest argument science has to claim this title, is the objectivity and empirical nature of its method and in particular its verifying processes;Read More Equality of Life4144 Words   |  17 Pageslogical arguments based on empirically verifiable premises. According to this way of understanding belief, both religion and philosophy are seen as competing forms of method with the same goal—uncovering or apprehending the one truth of mind-independent reality. Kai Nielsen is a well-known philosophical critic of religious belief who bases his criticism of religion on the aforementioned intellectualistic understanding of religious life. While he recognizes that there is more to religious life thanRead MoreThe Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories5427 Words   |  22 Pagesthe Rochester school on the ground of inability of the school to demarcate between the two major phenomenons of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"normative† theories. Again, his concept of positive theory of accounting is nothing but a flaw with respect to empirical science. Within the context of this review, two methodological views have evolved namely; the instrumentalism and the realism. However, the Rochester school of accounting has been exonerated from the various criticisms emanating from instrumentalism reviewRead MoreThe Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories5427 Words   |  22 Pagesthe Rochester school on the ground of inability of the schoo l to demarcate between the two major phenomenons of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"normative† theories. Again, his concept of positive theory of accounting is nothing but a flaw with respect to empirical science. Within the context of this review, two methodological views have evolved namely; the instrumentalism and the realism. However, the Rochester school of accounting has been exonerated from the various criticisms emanating from instrumentalism reviewRead MoreSustainable Supply Chain13609 Words   |  55 PagesThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0960-0035.htm IJPDLM 38,5 A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory Craig R. Carter and Dale S. Rogers University of Nevada, College of Business Administration, Reno, Nevada, USA Abstract Purpose – The authors perform a large-scale literature review and use conceptual theory building to introduce the concept of sustainability to the ï ¬ eld of supply chain managementRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmasRead MoreForeign Exchange Risk Management14141 Words   |  57 Pagestranslation, transaction and economic exposures. Foreign currency risk management involves taking decisions which aim at minimizing or eliminating the negative effects of currency fluctuations on balance sheet and income statement values, a firm s receipts and payments arising out of current transactions, and on long term future cash flows of a firm. Creativity by managers and innovations in financial instruments have, over the years, made available to firms a number of avenues that can be followed

Social Studies Sba Topics - 1516 Words

Social Studies School Based Assessment Outline School Based Assessment. This is an evaluation conducted by the school while the social studies course is still in process. Candidates are required to conduct a guided research and document their findings your teacher/ other appropriate persons will guide you throughout the process. You MUST do your own work; it should not be done for you. Punishment will be administered to candidates in which it can be proven that they have plagiarized other persons work. The First draft must be handed in to your teacher NO later than the third week in November this will be corrected and returned. FINAL drafts must be handed in by the FIRST week in February. **WARNING** Do NOT hand in your drafts a few days†¦show more content†¦It may be based on social or economic processed, situations or problems in your school or immediate community. Topic must be specific, i.e. target a specific group in a specific area. Example: Topic – Social Problems caused by insane persons. If you chose the above topic, you need to now take this topic and construct a problem statement worded in such a way that you can go find answers for the question. So for the statement of the problem it could be: ------------------------------------------------- What are some of the social problems caused by insane persons in my community? OR ------------------------------------------------- How does the presence of insane persons on the street contribute to social problems in the lives of citizens in the community of Stadium Gardens? Research Questions/Aims: The research questions/aims are three broad questions which are supposed to guide you throughout the research. In collecting your data use them as guides. These are the questions you will be trying to answer when the research is competed these questions must be answered. The research questions should be placed below your statement of the problem and focus on the cause, the effect and the solution/recommendations. Example: Task 1 Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------- How does the presence of insane persons on the street in the Stadium Gardens community contribute to social problems for residents?Show MoreRelatedProject Risk Leadership1218 Words   |  5 Pagespromote itself to get market share. Successful Entrepreneurs study and learn from how to make a profit by aligning their business strategy from entrepreneurs that have gone through and documented their lessons learned. The primary goal of the leadership style was to provide a niche and service to consumers and make a profit. 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Mananaging finance Free Essays

string(98) " Cathay owns a minority stake in its competitor Dragonair that holds another tenth of the market\." This report will concentrate on the performance of the two aviation companies, Hong Kong-based Cathay Pacific Ltd. and Singapore-based Singapore Airlines. The report will try to help the potential investor in the Asian airline industry to assess the prospects of both companies and their riskiness in regard to each other and the industry as a whole as well as the returns both companies have to offer to compensate for the risk of their financial position. We will write a custom essay sample on Mananaging finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Profitability, growth, return on investment Profitability of the company is indicated by the return on equity ratio that shows the dollar return on each dollar of investment: Return on equity (ROE) = net income/ stockholders’ equity Cathay has a ROE of 1,604/ 31,052 = 5.16% Singapore Airlines’ ROE is 849.3/ 11,455.1 = 7.4% SA provides a better return on equity than Cathay, although the decrease in the annual income at Singapore Airlines in 2003 from 2002 represents a threat to its future earnings and return on equity while Cathay’s results demonstrate improved performance. Return on assets demonstrates how many dollars of income were generated by each dollar of investment and is calculated in the following way: Return on assets = net income/ total assets For Cathay Pacific Ltd. this figure is 1,604/ (54,686 + 20,351) = 1,604 / 75,037 = 2.14% For Singapore Airlines, return on assets is at 849.3/ 16,558.4 = 5.13% Thus Singapore Airlines is more efficient in using its assets and offers a better return on the funds tied up in assets. Another profitability measure is the operating margin that expresses operating profit as a percentage of the revenue. For Singapore Airlines, the operating margin is 680.4/ 9,761.9 = 6.97% For Cathay Pacific Ltd., this ratio is 285/ 2,393=11.9% As for growth, SIA’s revenue dropped in the 2003-2004 fiscal year to $9,761.9 million from $10,515.0 million, which represents a 7.7% decrease in revenue. The company executives explain this plunge with the effects of the SARS outbreak in the Asian region that had a devastating impact in the airline industry. Cathay’ revenue has as well shown a 11.9% decrease in revenue to $3,792 million from $4,242 million. The drop in revenue was reflected in the net income. At Cathay Pacific Ltd., net income was $167 million as opposed to $511 the year before which is a drop of 67.3%. The income dropped as the company was unable to drastically reduce its operating expenses or finance charges in the light of lower revenue. At Singapore Airlines, net income was down 20.2 % at   $849.3 million as compared to $1,064.8 million for 2002-2003 fiscal year. 2. Current financial position, liquidity, both long and short term, sources of finance The liquidity of the company is most often assessed in terms of the current ratio: Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities For Cathay Pacific Ltd. current ratio = 20,351/ 14,520 = 1.4 For Singapore Airlines, current ratio = 3,121.9/ 3,401.6 = 0.92 Usually companies are expected to have a current ratio that is no higher than 2.0, otherwise the company is believed to be in financial trouble. However, due to advances in information technology has enabled a lot of companies to minimize the need to hold cash, inventories and other liquid assets. As a result, a lot of successful companies are content to keep their current ratios lower than 1.0. This allows us to conclude that although Cathay seems to be in a better position in terms of short-term liquidity, SIA’a lower ratio does necessarily signify trouble. Another useful measure is the quick ratio that indicates how well a firm can satisfy existing short-term obligations with assets that can be converted into cash without difficulty and is computed as follows: Quick ratio = (cash + securities + receivables) / current liabilities Cathay Pacific Ltd. has a quick ratio of (15,200 + 4,573)/ 14,520 = 1.36 SA’ s quick ratio equals (0.4 + 130.2 + 1,518.5)/ 3,401.6 = 0.48 Again, based on current ratio, Cathay is much more liquid than Singapore Airlines as it has more assets that can be readily turned into cash. Long-term liquidity of the firm is evaluated using the debt ratio that specifies the overall ability of the company to repay its debts: Debt ratio = Total liabilities/ total assets According to the general rule of thumb, this ratio should not exceed 50%. For Cathay, the debt ratio is (29,361 + 14,520) /   (54,686 + 20,351) = 58.9% For Singapore Airlines, the debt ratio amounts to (446.7 + 2,175.3 + 2,207.2)/ 16,558.4 = 29.16% These calculations make it apparent that although Singapore Airlines is less liquid than Cathay Pacific Ltd., the Singaporean company has less long-term obligations and thus is less risky for the investor. Thus, Cathay relies primarily on debt to finance its operations, while Singapore Airlines is predominantly equity-financed. 3) Changes to the organizations and their effect At Singapore Airlines, a more streamlined organizational structure was introduced at the beginning of the financial year. Under the new structure, sixe senior executives including those heading Services and Operations, Marketing, Corporate Services, Finance, Human Resources and Planning will report directly to the CEO of the company. Hopefully, this simplified structure will make possible a speedier implementation of decisions. Cathay Pacific Ltd. basically retained the same corporate structure in the fiscal year analyzed. 4) The status of the companies in the financial markets and relative to their industry sector. In the aviation industry where both companies belong, the average market cap, according to Yahoo! Finance, is $895.52 million. Both Cathay with about $5.96 billion and SIA with $7.86 significantly exceed this number. On the other hand, revenue growth in the industry has been 12.8% on the average of late as opposed to the drop in the revenue of both airlines. As for profitability, the average operating margin for the airline industry is 6.81% compared to 6.97% at SIA. Cathay with 11.9% is well ahead of the market. The average return on equity in the aviation sector is 8.3% as compared to Cathay 5.16%, Singapore Airlines 7.4%. 5) Past performance and projected future trends Cathay Pacific Ltd. Cathay Pacific Ltd. is Hong Kong’s largest air carrier accounting for a third of all passenger flights through Hong Kong. Cathay owns a minority stake in its competitor Dragonair that holds another tenth of the market. You read "Mananaging finance" in category "Essay examples" Recently Cathay entered a contract with Air China that it will buy a 9.9% stake in the Air China’s initial public offering. The partnership will allow joint marketing and sales activities, cooperation in engineering, ground handling, purchasing, security as well as better coordination of the two companies’ schedules. This arrangement will allow Cathay to optimize its cost structure. The cooperation with Air China offers a strategic advantage as it provides improved access to Beijing Capital international Airport, a major hub in inland China. China is one of the world’s fastest growing regional aviation markets and the one coveted by many carriers. Competition was until recently restricted by the limitations on the number of flights performed by foreign carriers imposed by the Chinese government. Cathay and Hong Kong have pressured Chinese authorities to allow more flights between Hong Kong and mainland China. Cathay management has been trying to get access to passenger flights between Hong Kong and Shanghai sooner than the agreed date of October 2006 when a second Hong Kong airline will be allowed to start serving Shanghai with passenger flights. Liberalization of these restrictions could boost Cathay’s revenue dramatically since this route is very lucrative because of heavy business travel. In 2003 Cathay resumed air services in mainland China after a 1-year absence from the market. Here it faces competition from its former partner Dragonair. Now it plans to make its three-time -a-week flights to Beijing daily in December, add even more Beijing flights next year and launch passenger services to Xiamen and cargo services to Shanghai. Regular air companies like Cathay and Dragonair now face tougher competition from budget carriers Air Asia from Malaysia and Virgin Blue of Australia forcing the veterans of the market to cut their costs. Earlier Cathay representatives admitted that the prices are somewhat higher in this market than in others but attributed this to the difference in exchange rates and other long-term factors. The tendency towards more open skies pursued by Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia will draw more passengers through their airports but can damage the market share and financial performance of Hong Kong airlines including Cathay. Asian governments are slowly dismantling obstacles on the way of foreign air carriers and can be expected to continue with this policy. This could improve Cathay’s prospects in mainland China but sharpen competition in Hong Kong itself. However, the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome has attracted the public’s attention to the benefit of having a local air carrier since Cathay kept flying at the time when foreign airlines suspended their operations. Overall, since Cathay is in the business of air cargo travel, it can be reasonably assumed to profit from the world’s economic recovery projected to lead to above-average growth in the global airfreight market, according to a Lufthansa report (2004). Lufthansa experts base their assessment of tonnage increase of 5.9% in international air cargo market in 2004 on expectations of the boom in the Asian market and gradual recovery in North America. Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines is also in the business of air transportation, engineering, airport terminal and pilot training. Its operations cover Asia, Europe, North and South America, South West Pacific and Africa. Due to this global focus, the company is also expected to benefit from the boom in the Asian market. Unlike Cathay, the diversity of the routes makes it easier for Singapore Airlines to balance its risks that can occur because of an economic downturn in one of the markets. Singapore Airlines is primarily focused in its business on the Asian business as it is the largest carrier in terms of market capitalization with $7.86 billion in market cap as compared with Cathay Pacific Ltd. with $5.96 billion. Singapore Airlines has posted strong second quarter results that beat analysts’ expectations. The reason behind strong growth is increase in travel demand. Singapore Airlines is listed on the first London Stock Exchange office in Asia, and on the first New York Stock Exchange office in Hong Kong along with 15 other Chinese companies. This development can contribute to greater transparency of their accounting procedures and lend credibility to their financial information, which in turn can help them bring down their cost of borrowing and attract more investors’ money. There are a lot of European investment funds waiting to be put into the thriving Chinese economy. Investors are attracted by the huge potential of the Chinese outbound market that has already surpassed Japan as the top location in the Asia Pacific outbound ranking. After surviving an epidemic of SARS, the market is forecast by many analysts to return to very strong growth in 2004-2005. China outbound trip volume has increased about five times in the past decade. In 2002 the annual volume was 16.6 million outbound departures as compared to 3.7 in 1993. The market is predicted to show double-digit annual increases if only the outbreak of SARS is not repeated. Singapore Airlines is fully positioned to take advantage of this trend as it is one of the leading carriers in the Asian-Pacific region, so a dramatic rise in revenue can be expected. According to the corporate news, the company is making efforts at slashing its costs. On November 23, it announced the plan to outsource jobs in uplift flight coupon processing and some aspects of interline billings, making 66 jobs in the Finance Division. This effort could help raise the company’s efficiency and improve the bottom line in the long run. The most important challenge for the airline industry is the rising fuel costs. Singapore Airlines admitted that higher fuel costs hold their halfyear net profit to $616 million. A lot for the airlines will depend on the evolution of the world oil prices. Further uncertainties surrounding the operation of the pipeline in Iraq or disruptions in Russia caused by the Yukos legal proceedings could drive up the oil price further up, negatively affecting Singapore Airlines’ net income. According to the company’s calculations, that a one-dollar-per-barrel increase in the oil price amounts to the additional $ 14 million fuel spending for Singapore Airlines. Another worry for the management of the airline is the advent of low-cost carriers that puts increasing pressure on the company’s cost structure. All Asian carriers should hope that an epidemic of SARS will not be repeated as it had a devastating effect on the revenue of Singapore Airlines and other companies. Works cited Beveridge, Dick (October 20, 2004), Cathay Pacific Buys into Air China, goldsea.com/Asiagate/410/21cathay.html Bradsher, Keith (October 22, 2004), A Struggle over Air Routes in East Asia, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/22/business/worldbusiness/22aviation.html?ex=1184817600en=477bd65aaf1258d7ei=5035partner=MARKETWATCH Hong Kong, China Strike New Aviation Deal (Associated Press, September 8, 2004) Lufthansa Cargo forecasts swift recovery of the global airfreight market, http://www.lufthansa-cargo.de/content.jsp?path=0,1,14871,15152,15452,16898 Niem, Andrea (2004), London Stock Exchange Aims to Lure Chinese, Companies, http://www.axcessnews.com/business_110304b.shtml World Travel Trends, 2003-2004, WTMGlobal Travel Report Annual reports: Cathay 2003 Annual Report http://www.cathaypacific.com/intl/aboutus/investor/0,,31343,00.html Singapore 2003/2004 Annual Report http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/app/saa?hidHeaderAction=onHeaderMenuClickhidTopicArea=AnnualReport ¤tSite=global          How to cite Mananaging finance, Essay examples

Five Factors Traits of Personality-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthel

Question: Discuss about the Big five Personality Model of Bill English and John key. Answer: Introduction: The assignment deals with the Big Five Personality Traits taking Bill English, the present prime minister of New Zealand and thirty ninth prime minister of New Zealand Sir John Philip Key into consideration. The five big traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The reader can expect to gain an in depth knowledge about the big five personality traits. He can also expect to study the big five models and their traits like openness and extraversion drawing examples from the personality traits of Bill English and Sir John Philip (DeYoung 2015). A study of the background of the big five personality model shows that it is a model based on personality surveys and can be expressed in form of statistics. The personality traits are identical to lexical hypothesis and reflect important aspects of peoples personalities. A study of the background of Sir John Philip key shows that he has served as the Prime Minister of New Zealand and has long political background and experience empowering him to lead the country. Simon William Bill English is the present Prime Minister of New Zealand is endowed with several big five traits like openness and extraversion(NZ Herald. 2017). Five Big traits: The five big traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Figure 1: Big 5 Trait Model Source: (Roughan 2017) Openness: Openness to experience refers to degree of acceptance of creativity and new experiences. The people with this personality trait appreciate arts, emotions and diverse experiences of life. This personality trait is associated self actualisation and extremely innovative. However, extreme openness is associated with lack of focus and sincerity especially in group activities(Judge, T.A. and Zapata 2015). Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness refers to act responsibly towards achievement of objectives. The people with this trait are organised and show a high degree of self discipline. They aim for achievement of objectives and plan the strategies to achieve those objectives. However, high conscientiousness is often perceived as a sign of obsession and obstinacies. Although lack of conscientiousness is associated with flexibility to others plans, it can also be assumed to be a sign of lack of reliability (Kluemper, McLarty and Bing 2015). Extraversion: Extraversion is the positive attitude and sociability to contribute towards group activities. The individuals with this personality trait are expert at seeking attention in a team and tend to be very communicative. However, high degree of extraversion reflects attention seeking and lack of seriousness. Low extraversion results in reserved and reflective personality trait lacking communication (Gebauer et al. 2014). Agreeability: Agreeability refers to the personality trait showing cooperativeness towards a team to help in achieving targets. The individuals having this trait harbour trust in their team members and encourage team action. However extreme agreeability is perceived as lack of decision making power and leadership qualities (Mller et al. 2014). Neuroticism: Neuroticism refers to the psychological trait of experiencing negative feelings like anxiety and intimidation. It shows the degree of mental stability of a person to tackle these negative feelings. The individuals who are capable of dealing with neuroticism are often expert in taking decisions in the face of competition and stress (Wille and De Fruyt 2014). Background of Bill English: Simon William Bill English was born on 30th December, 1961, becoming the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand along with the leader of the National Party. He was previously been elected as the Deputy Prime Minister ranging from period 2008 to 2016. English attended St Thomas school in Winton, followed by St. Patricks College in the Upper Hut, becoming the head boy there. Then English went on to learn commerce at the Otago University and then completing an honours grade in English Literature at the Victoria University of Wellington. During the 1980s, English joined the National Party, while being studying at the Victoria University. For a period he served as the chairman of the branch at Southland of the Young Nationals, and also becoming the member of the committee of Wellington electorate. Once he shifted to Wellington, English served for certain periods on the electorate committees of Island Bay and Miramar, respectively. English is generally looked upon more the more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key. English is stated to be following Roman Catholic, though he believes his religious beliefs to be a personal matter, separating it overall from politics. Background of John Key: Sir John Philip Key born on 9th August, 1961 has been a New Zealand politician, serving as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He was born in the city of Auckland before shifting to Christchurch as a child, attending the University of Canterbury, graduating in the year 1981 with a degree of bachelor of commerce. His career started with a stint in foreign exchange market in New Zealand before moving abroad to work for Merrill Lynch, where he went on to become the head of the global foreign exchange in the year 1995, a position where he stayed for six long years. In the year 1999, Key was selected as the affiliate of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving that in 2001. His entry into the New Zealand Parliament was in 2002 when he represented the Auckland electorate of Helensville and in 2004 was appointed as the Finance Spokesperson for National Party. Key was allotted a Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Merit Order, recognizing his services towards the State, in an event at the 2017 Queens Birthday Honours. In his personal life, Key is stated to be an agnostic, stating he never believed in afterlife and sees religion as doing correct things. Personality of Bill English as per Big 5 Personality Model: Extraversion: It has been stated earlier this year that Bill English, the New Zealand Prime Minister is far from being comfortable in the public gawk, and like his predecessors John Key, English has set along in revealing more of his personal life in an offer to become more relatable to the voting public. In the early days of April, 2017, there was a selfie of a dinner within family and his untraditional ways of making pizza that created headlines globally. This signifies the fact that Bill English was a high attention seeker, boosted by his latest efficiently formed promotional video on Facebook featuring the Prime Minister playing cricket with sleeves rolled up and reading stories to the children. As per Roughan (2017), analysts like Claire Robinson, Massey University political scientist states that English has been affected by the need of a quick build up of a public brand after being in the background for eight years as Finance Minister. He is not comfortable being the public persona, though he seems enjoying the additional public facet of the role and the photographs of the Prime Minister certainly proves that fact of opinion (www.nzherald.co.nz 2017). Therefore, it can be stated that Bill English is high on scale of extraversion. Agreeableness: Bill English can be stated as the Southern man who is generally steady and reliable. He has teamed up with Paula Bennet who is outwardly contemptible, though she has been striving hard in toning that down after her promotion to deputy leader. According to Colbert, Barrick and Bradley (2014), the thing that works in favour of Bill English is being much passionate about the details during his tenure as the Finance Minister, though as a prime Minister he needs to embrace a bigger audience. Bennett is more of a big picture politician, shaking up the traditional image of the National Party. As stated earlier, Bill English like s working behind the scenes, which makes him less comfortable with the masses, not being able to provoke much of the sympathy as like his predecessor John Key, who was able to make people relate with him in every sense. Bill English has been lower than John Key in the scale level of agreeableness, as he has not been that tactful and friendly as his precursor. Conscientiousness: New Zealands Prime Minister Bill English has been able to contrast the attainment of the government with the rearranging of Labour party. Bill English ahs always believed that a good government would always achieve positive results. Bill English further added that when the opposition has been busy in rearranging themselves, restoring their billboards, Bill and his team have been getting on with their decisions in making a difference to the New Zealanders. As per Spain, Harms and LeBreton (2014), this has been much reflected in the most recent advice from the international credit rating agency as it anticipates New Zealand to be one of the top triple A economies in the coming few years. New Zealand is stated to have strong economic preparation under the leadership of Bill English. Under the able guidance of English, New Zealand has been enjoying relatively healthy annual GDP growth accounting to more than 3 per cent with the rate of unemployment falling below 5 per cent. English ahs w ell achieved in returning smaller surpluses on the books of the government over a period of past couple of years. He also added to the fact that he would be delivering cuts in taxes, thus spreading the countrys mounting wealth where necessary. It can thus be stated that Bill English has been high on the scale of conscientiousness, achieving objectives as planned, but not as high as his predecessor John Key. Neuroticism: Bill English is stated to be socially conservative. He is virtually killing off the obligations of secular government which he views to be sinful through pretention of resourcing in to only the needy. Many might miss the fact that Bill English is a fanatical Catholic. As per Clark and Vanderbleek (2016), the last eight years of the life of Bill English has been spend on budget books, where he is generally fiscal conservative, however not ideologically driven like Ruth Richardson. He has this negativity within himself related to same sex marriage for which he voted against along with the formation of civil unions and prostitution law modifications. The world has gone one step further in legalizing the prostitution law and same sex marriages, and in the face of global competition it would have been beneficial on the part of Bill English to think otherwise. English is stated to be a religious extremist who if being facilitated in finishing his goal of wellbeing privatization would cause more damage than by his predecessors. He is more focused towards maiming the capacity of the State in funding and dispensing the social obligations for the desperate people to be pressed towards the representatives of God on Earth (Barlett and Anderson 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that Bill English scores low on the neuroticism count. Openness: While being the Finance Minister, Bill English made use of the wafer-thin surplus in undercutting the policies of the Opposition while making use of some creative and innovative spending ideas for trying to develop the chances of the National for re-election. During his tenure as the Finance Minister, the Opposition were abridged to the attainment of the surplus with Mr. English rolling out several initiatives of spending that were stated to be family-friendly along with some social expenditure intended towards low to middle-income earners (Jia, Jia and Karau 2013). Mr. English was able to forecast surpluses stating families would be benefiting from a economy that is growing, providing more jobs along with higher amount of wages. He was also open to certain issues pertaining the affordable housing, announcing a package that removed temporarily duties and tariffs on the material of buildings that covers 90 per cent of the construction of new homes. A rise in the prices of the houses h it hard those on the lower income level, widening the inequality gap. Developments in the supply components of housing, as per Bill English would complement the programs related to social housing reform (Cho and Auger 2017). Thus, it can be stated that Bill has been high on the quotient of openness, finding creative ideas to help the people of New Zealand in dreaming big. Personality of John Key as per Big 5 Personality Model: Extraversion: John Key, the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand has been extensively liked by his countrymen, a liking which has more been like a friend or someone they might identify and trust on. Key has this easygoing agreeable appearance about himself who does not seems in taking things much seriously, kidding around a bit, giving him the available personality. Key has been one of those leaders who have been tremendously liked by the people, which is difficult to tackle for his opponents. There were certain dodgy issues like the deal of the SkyCity or the electorate housing in seats like Epsom where people raised questions and were unhappy with him, though that unhappiness was only the result of the liking they have for their leader. Therefore, it can be concluded that John Key has been running high on the quotient of extraversion where people are attention seekers and lacks much seriousness. The same has been the case with John Key, presenting himself before the mass as an easygoing person hav ing a warm kind of character along with great communication skill that makes him more than desirable (Spain, Harms and LeBreton 2014). Agreeableness: John Key has been a politician who has never hidden his human trades, but rather embracing the same provoking sympathy while others in the fray has been much unrelatable. John Key might sound lunatic, but in New Zealand he seems to be the most human and relatable politician. Brand Key was all about I, though the same cannot be stated in the post-Key era. Key had a clear vision about what he wanted for New Zealand which he expressed persistently and ardently (Oreg and Berson 2015). He was one of those leaders who was able to keep his team focused in attaining results through centring around himself and other strengths. The scale of agreeableness of John Key has been much higher to that of Bill English, his successor. The thing that works well for John Key is the liking of the people and the belief they had on him after his leadership succeeded in mitigating the consequences of the Global Financial Crisis on New Zealand. Under John Key, New Zealand became an easy place to conduct busin ess. The strong point for John Key has always been his amiable personality giving him an edge over his opponents from Labour and Green whose leaders have never been as marketable as Key. Conscientiousness: John Key has been stated to be more conscientiousness than the average liking of the New Zealanders. John keys highly conscientiousness meant Key set more goals for himself with their intention to carrying through. He has been prompt though, governing the country through the period of recession, working hard in creating the much-protested strategy for the inequitable privatization of the enterprises that are stated owned. He has been a dominating figure in the background of New Zealand politics. He has always kept the economy of the country on track, even during the testing times of seismic shifts that rocked Christchurch. His can do spirit has been superb, especially at a time when the other world leaders have been finding it difficult to keep their nations economy on the right track (www.nzherald.co.nz 2017). His stable leadership during the tough times of the country has been influential, though the man has not been shy to replace people who have underperformed in his tenure. He h ave been ruthless at times for which he has been criticised like cutting of the social programs that was introduced by the Labour party and giving greater precedence to primary reforms of critical laws like the Resource management Act. The mans tough upbringing has resulted in him being dependent on himself in bringing radical changes and being tough on others. Neuroticism: Unlike Bill English, John Key was able to focus on much broader reforms like legalizing the gay marriages and even identifying or recognizing the Pastarian marriages. Moreover, he did not hold much negativity about his opposition which is evident from the fact that he kept various policies of Labour in the threshold of Nationals government which worked well previously. He believed in the fact that the best way to beat ones opposition is adopting their policies. In a survey, it was found that John Key has been rated within the top 5 per cent population for emotional stability, suggesting that it has never been easy to melt down the person on the stump (Clark and Vanderbleek 2016). He has been gritty, self-motivated and easy going resulting in eight long years of reigning as the Prime Minister of New Zealand. His successor, Bill English might have been someone whose negativity thinking has put an end to certain policies that are being globally accepted these days. New Zealand might los e out on the grounds that it has covered under John Key, a man who is emotionally stable. Openness: Being a go-getter John Key has always been open to new ideas and creativity. Under his tenure as the Prime minister of New Zealand, John Key government has invested in education and innovation for the long-term growth of the country. The man has been influential in investing in six projects related to the New Zealand tourism that would provide tourists with rich cultural experience of the country along with modernization. As per Judge and Zapata (2015), John Key always believed in keeping New Zealand as a affluent first world economy having high wages, generous safety in the welfare of the society needs to be more innovative and more competitive. John has been a passionate free-trader, signing free trade agreements with Singapore that sprang up a 12 nation free trade agreement symbolizing 40 per cent of the global GDP (Zacher et al. 2014). Therefore, John is high on the scale level of openness where he believes in creativity and innovation to be the key to economy. Conclusion: It can be concluded that John Key has been away more popular than what Bill English has been in New Zealand. The reason being John Key was such a leader who could relate well to people, a trait that served well during his 8 long years as the Prime Minister of New Zealand. Bill English played a second fiddle role when John Key was at helm. He was playing the role of a Finance Minister, a role that suited him perfectly for the fact being he likes working behind the scenes. Every individual has their own sets of personal traits and observations and perceptions through which they work. Though they belong to the same National Party, their way of seeing and understanding things has been different which is evident from the fact that certain policies that were implemented by John Key during his tenure, was opposed by Bill English, the most popular being the same sex marriage. Both of the leaders have been at high score levels on most of the traits though Key clearly beating his successor in popularity factor. Bill has a bit of negative mindset, where his personal opinions take the centre stage in making decisions though Keys has always been for the New Zealanders. However, the John Key era was more of an I factor, but with English it has been sheer team work, with his partnership with Paula Bennet. John Key has always been a talkative extrovert who rarely tracks down the information and gets upset at the shifting of the products in the supermarkets. Key is more spontaneous whereas, English is more conscious. Key a more extrovert in his approach whereas English has been more introverts with his plans and policies. Key has always been stated as a go-getter whereas, Bill English has displayed much patience in making his moves. References: Barlett, C.P. and Anderson, C.A., 2012. 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